Knowledge, Attitude and Practices towards Menstrual Hygiene among Government and Private School Girls KAP towards menstrual hygiene in school girls

Menstruation is a normal physiological process unique to females. Pre-menarche is characterized by physiological, cognitive, and psychological transitions which may be initiated from the midst of their second decade. The onset of puberty/ menstruation in girls tends to change their role in society. Overall inadequate awareness levels accompanied by socio-cultural taboos and prevailing myths and misconceptions about menarche and menstruation have played havoc on human society. Objective: To diagnose and compare the prevailing level ofknowledge, attitude, and practices of adolescent girls studying in government and private schoolstowards menstrual hygiene and management. Methods: This Analytical and cross-sectional study was conducted at Government Jouhar Girls High School and Shiblee Grammar School System, Gulberg Branch (private) Faisalabad. A self-administered survey-based questionnaire was developed. Prior formal written approval from school authorities was followed by the pre-planned scheduled visits, explaining the purpose of the study, assuring confidentiality of acquired information, and self-administration of survey-based questionnaires. Results: The results indicated that the mean age at menarches of the girls was 13.69±0.95 years. A relatively more percentage of government (59.6%) school respondents followed by private school respondents (57.1%) had satisfactory knowledge about their age of first menarche (p = 0.806). Motivated by the socio-cultural taboos and /or fear or shame a majority of government (59.6%) and private school respondents (57.1%) had satisfactory knowledge about their age of first menarche (p = 0.806). A strong prevalence of Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) was found in private school girls 87(49.2%) and 21(11.9%), followed by respective percentages of 78(43.8%), 16(9.0%) amongst the government school respondents who recorded their responses as agreed and strongly agreed about the development of reproductive tract infection in the post-menstruation period. As far as the adoption of hygienic practices is concerned a relatively high percentage of government school 28(15.7%) followed by private school 14(7.9%) girls strongly disagreed about changing their absorbent material on daily basis. The development of skin abrasions like rashes, itching, and urinary tract infection was found in a relatively high proportion amongst the government school girls 30(16.9%) followed by private school respondents 18(10.2%) in the post-menstruation period. A most common and alarming unhygienic practice prevalent amongst the government and private school girls was the reuse of absorbent cloth,   who responded as agreed and strongly agreed in respective terms as 43(24.2%),   22(12.4%), and 69(39%) and 28(15.8%).  Conclusions: The study concluded that the persistent myths, misconceptions, socio-cultural taboos, and unhygienic practices i.e. Use of old clothes as absorbent, reuse of absorbent material, and delaying tendency of changing absorbent,   amongst the adolescent school girls of government and private institutes which may pose direct adverse health and life quality concerns for the female Pakistani community. The current situation calls for active participatory contributions from education communities to initiate various communication and awareness campaigns regarding pre-menarche knowledge and menstruation management which may aid to strengthen and transform their role as a significant representative of society. 

The Impact of Corporate Entrepreneurship and High Performance working Systems on Employees

Attitude with Breach of Psychological Contract as Mediator Purpose of this thesis was to explore the Impact of CE and HPWS on Employees' Attitude in fast moving consuming goods industry of Pakistan and the role of Psychological Contract as Mediator of this relationship through this study. Even though many research have studied these variables individually or their relationships with other variables but not with entrepreneurship and particularly corporate entrepreneurship. The population selected for conducted research was fourteen sales offices of FMCG's working in Pakistan including national, international and multinational organizations from city of textile. Detailed questionnaires were being used for the data collection from FMCG. For the current study data was collected through questionnaire. Most practical random sampling is being used to collect the data from said industry. The questionnaires were administered to 500 individuals and only 365 take part actively in this research process. The response rate to the study is 73%. For data analysis purpose, we had gone through the person's correlation, regression analysis to see the degree of impact and descriptive statistics, common useful tool to elaborate analysis in theory. SPSS 21was used for the data analysis and reporting purpose. As a result of this study it is explored that significant relationship exists between CE, HPWS, OC and Satisfaction of job, all the four dependent and independent variables and also observed that PCB has negative relationship with all studied variables. Correlation and regression table explain more clearly the negative relationship of psychological contract with dependent as well as independent variables. To test the mediating role of psychological contract breach we run Sobel test, which tells us that psychological contract breach work as mediator. By implementing corporate entrepreneurship and High performance work system, national and international FMCGs in Pakistan can create employees' attitude which may lead them to higher enactments and returns.