زرتشت ازم کے شعائر، رسوم اور روایات: اسلامی تناظر میں اجمالی جائزہ

Zoroastrianism is an ancient Iranian religion founded by an Iranian Prophet and scholar Zoroaster. It is claimed by some foremost scholars that this is the most ancient religion of the world which influenced the other major religions of the world like, Judaism, Christianity and Islam. The main source to know the Zoroastrianism is Avesta, Denkart and Bundahishn (sacred books) from which we know the terminologies and traditions of this religion. Main two spirits are Ahura mazda (god of pleasure and goodness) and Ahriman (god of evil) and seven more main spirits which are called as angels are Amesha spentas which show the actual spirit and direction of this ancient religion. Some of the concepts and traditions are same which exists in Islam but with different names and features, like prayers and matters after death, heaven and hell. In this article, main focus is on tradition and terminologies of this ancient religion to know its actual spirit to get the basic information and main themes for initial reader of this religion from Islamic theological pers-pective. No doubt, Zoroastrianism is one the amended religions exist on earth yet because of the similarity of various rituals with Islam. However, Zoroastrianism is being considered reve-aled religion and Zoroaster as true prophet of Allah.

Synthesis and Characterization of Organotin Iv Complexes With Donor Ligands

Organotin(/V) complexes with the general formulae R"SnL4''n and R,,sn2L,, ( R= alkyl, L = monomethyl glUlarate, monomethyl phthalate, monomethyl (2-phenyl gllllarate) and SchifJbases of2-aminophenol and salicylaldehyde) have been prepared. These complexes have been synthesized by the reaction of organolin(lV) halides with ligand in the presence of a base. Further, some diorganolin(iV) complexes have been synthesized by the reaction of organotin(lV) oxide with the ligand. The reaction Is carried OUi at the reflux temperature of benzene while water formed during the reaction is cont/nuously removed by means of a Dean alld Stark apparatus, The reactioll of organotln(lV) oxides with organic acids is more economical and gives beller purities as the reaction of organotin(lV) haUdes with organiC acid, in the presence of a base. These complexes have been characterized by elemental analyses and molar condut''livily The chemical bondings in these complexes have been discussed in terms of their JR. i 11-, and il9Sn-NMR, mass and I19Sn-lvfossbauer spec/ral studies, The I II and 1JC chemical shift assignments of the organotin moiely are straightforward from the mulliplicity and illlensity pal/ern, whereas the ligand skelelons were assigned by multiplicity pal/ern and I or resonance inlensilies of signals as well as their coupling conSlanls, The alkyl groups aI/ached to the Iin(l~J atom have been assigned by Ihe comparison of experimental chemical shifts with those calculated from incremelllal methods or compared to Ihe liIeralUre dala, The monomeric I: 1 complexes have trigonal bipyramidal geometry with equilorial organic groups. the dimeric /, complexes have ocl(liledr(ll geometry while complexes derived .from a Schiff base of 2-aminphenol and salicylaldehyde have tetrahedral geometries. Mass spectrum analyses reveallhal Ihe primary decomposition is due 10 the loss of a ligand in case of diorganotin(l V) complexes along with Ihe successive elimination of a C02 molecule while in Iriorganotin(IV) complexes Ihe primary decomposition is due /0 the loss of an alkyl group along with Ihe elimination of a CO, molecule, III The geometry assigned 10 Ihese complexes is well supported by infrared and Mossbauer silldies, All these complexes, soluble in DMSO and DMF have been screened against a wide spectrum of bacleria (Bacillus sublilh Slapholococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Schigella flexenari, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Salmonella typh) and fungi (C.copsici, C.glocosporiodes, A, brassicico/a, A, bra5sicae, !/. graminium, The ALDso values have been determined with albino ralS, Some oflhe complexes exhibited very high anti-inflammatory activities, The cylostalic activity of the complexes has been assayed aga/nsf the established cell line KB, which has been derived from a human oral epidermoid carcinoma, The results obtained are qllile promiSing Overall, triorganotin(lV) derivatives exhibit signt{icanlly beller activilies than fhe diorganolin(JV) complexes,