کچھ لوگ دیکھی ہوئی دنیا کو بھی ٹھیک سے دیکھ نہیں پاتے کہ وہ نگاہوں میں آتی تو ہے مگر پتلیوں سے نکل جاتی ہے۔ مگر کچھ لوگ ایسے بھی ہوتے ہیں کہ دنیا کو خود تو جی بھر کر دیکھتے ہی ہیں، اپنی دیکھی ہوئی اس دنیا کو دوسروں کی آنکھوں میں بھی منتقل کر دینا چاہتے ہیں۔ ان کی اس چاہ کے پیچھے منشا یہ ہوتا ہے کہ وہ دنیا کے رنگ و آہنگ کو ان دیدوں تک بھی پہنچا دیں جن کی نگاہیں پپوٹوں کے اندر بند رہتی ہیں اور پلکوں کی چلمنوں سے کبھی باہر نہیں نکل پاتیں۔ وہ چاہتے ہیں کہ ان کی طرح دوسرے بھی دیکھیں کہ دنیا کتنی حسین ہے۔ اس کی فضائوں میں کیسی رنگینی ہے۔ اس کی ہوائوں میں کس قدر سنگینی ہے۔ اس کی ادائوں میں کیسی دل نشینی ہے۔ وہ بھی یہ منظر دیکھیں کہ جب جہاز کے جھروکوں سے جھانکتے ہیں تو منظر کیسے بدل جاتے ہیں، کیا کیا کس روپ میں ڈھل جاتے ہیں، دیکھیں کہ لمبی چوڑی عمارتیں ماچس کی ڈبیا بن جاتی ہیں، چوڑی چوڑی سڑکیں یہاں تک کہ شاہراہیں بھی سکڑ کر پگڈنڈیوں کا روپ دھار لیتی ہیں۔ اونچے اونچے پیڑ گل بوٹے دکھائی دینے لگتے ہیں،پہاڑ ، دریا، گائوں، شہر سب سفید روئی کے گالوں میں چھپ جاتے ہیں۔ آسمان قریب آجاتا ہے۔ زمین دور ہو جاتی ہے۔ سجی سنہری پھول کی مانند کھلی کھلی سی رنگین تتلیاں ٹرالیوں میں پانی کی ننھی منی پیاری پیاری سی بوتلیں اور رنگ برنگی ٹافیاں لے کر چلتی ہیںتو مسافروں کی آنکھوں میں پیار اُمڈ آتا ہے اور بنا پیاس کے بھی ہونٹ پھڑپھڑااُٹھتے ہیں۔
This study estimates the leadership qualities of Benazir Bhutto, first female Prime Minister of Pakistan and the Islamic world. The life history of Benazir Bhutto also falls under the category of charismatic leadership as she displayed exceptional leadership qualities in the face of different personal and political challenges. Much has been written on the life, personality and political career of Benazir Bhutto but very few have made academic and in depth study of leadership qualities of Benazir Bhutto which were predominant and striking features of her political leadership during her second tenure as Prime Minister of Pakistan (1993-96). Therefore, this article navigates on diverse Socio-economic, Political and Geo-strategic challenges and responses of Benazir Bhutto as Prime Minister of Pakistan (1993-96). Further, it encapsulates her relationship with military, dwindling state of economy, revengeful role of opposition and various contradictions with President created a grave challenge not only for poor governance but also for the longevity of her premiership tenure. It was not smooth sailing for her as Prime Minister; however, it was a hard journey full of myriad challenges, inherited dwindling economy, overdeveloped state structure, strife torn society, volatile geo-political situation, regional disparities, vindictive politics of opposition and imbalance of power between Prime Minister and President required stupendous efforts from Benazir Bhutto as a Prime Minister. Further, this study presents a systematic and factual analysis of the socio-economic challenges and the arbitrary use of the Presidential power (58) (2B). Furthermore, theory of challenge and response has also been applied to have a better understanding of Benazir Bhutto’s leadership qualities and administrative abilities. It also throws light on the circumstances that led towards her ouster from premiership. Besides, this study attempts to find what were the diverse challenges faced by Benazir Bhutto as a Prime Minister (1993-96)? How did she respond to various challenges as Prime Minister?
Among thirty chilli varieties/advance lines screened against Colletotrichum capsici, no cultivar exhibited immune reaction. Eighteen varieties expressed resistant response with disease rating of 2, while seven cultivars showed moderately resistant reaction with rating of 3. Two varieties displayed susceptible reaction with rating of 4 against anthracnose. Remaining three cultivars appeared to be highly susceptible with maximum disease rating of 5 towards anthracnose pathogen during the year 2011. Similarly in the second year of repetition, it was revealed again that only Tatapuri, Gola peshawari and Longi expressed high susceptibility with 82.50, 79.60 and 81.50% disease incidence, while two varieties i.e. C-68 and C-302 showed susceptible response with disease incidence of 60.10 and 61.67% respectively. Seven varieties namely Talhari, FSD-1, FSD-2, KA-2, NARC-4, Neelum and Maha gave rise moderately resistant reaction with disease incidence of 33.80, 32.53, 33.57, 31.40, 34.27, 32.03 and 25.63% and remaining eighteen varieties/lines i.e. Sanam, C-19, C-72, C-33, American dwarf, Arunalu, BSS-269, Burewala, Ghotki, Sabazpari, Skyline-2, Kurni, Anaheim, Wonder king, P-6, Harmal, Skyline-1 and Hot queen remained resistant with minimum disease incidence in the range of 13-25% against chilli anthracnose disease. There was remarkable variation (p ≤ 5) in the mineral status of reaction group (inoculated & un-inoculated), type (resistant & susceptible) and in varieties/lines of the host plant due to the infection by anthracnose disease. Nested random''s effect analysis of variance revealed that 2.81 & 2.52 %, 2259, 1185.50, 64.95, 179.60, 431.63, 141.12 & 151.89 µg/g concentration was expressed by resistant plants as compared to susceptible one (1.88 & 1.66 %, 2562.67, 991.48, 35.40, 121.28, 140.87, 191.83 & 95.73 µg/g respectively) with regards to Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), Potassium (K), Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg), Zinc (Zn), Sodium (Na), Iron (Fe) and Copper (Cu) contents. Similarly, nested analysis of variance again exposed that 328.33 µg/ml, 132.49 µg/g, 258.32 µg/g & 1.19 mg/g concentration was articulated by resistant plants as compared to susceptible genotype (324.43 µg/ml, 77.06 µg/g, 208.70 µg/g & 1.13 mg/g respectively) regarding total soluble phenols (TSPh), total soluble sugars (TSS), total soluble protein (TSP) and total chlorophyll (TC) contents respectively. It is concluded that resistant cultivars accumulated more concentration of these minerals & biochemical compounds as compared to susceptible varieties and increase in their concentration in resistant plant can prevents the spread of pathogen by strengthening the biochemical and physiological processes of the host. There was overall significant correlation between temperature (maximum and minimum), wind speed and relative humidity with chilli anthracnose development. Weak correlation of rainfall was observed with disease progress. Maximum disease development was recorded at 80-90% relative humidity with 3.5 km/h wind speed, air temperature from 31-35°C and 18-22°C as maximum and minimum respectively. All the treatments inhibited the multiplication of C. capsici at all concentrations, however Carbendazim at 0.3% concentration, Azadirachta indica extract at standard dose (S) and their combination (0.3% + S) were found to be the most effective agent for the control of the pathogen. In the green house experiment, both Carbendazim and A. indica performed well in controlling anthracnose development again when applied as alone and in combination at (0.3%) and (S) concentration respectively. Among plant activators tested, Salicylic acid (SA) proved to be highly significant followed by Benzoic acid and KH2PO4 in the field experiments. In addition to this, SA greatly reduced disease incidence when it was applied in combination with Carbendazim and A. indica after 21 days of spraying. Consequently, Carbendazim and A. indica extract alone and in combination proved to be the most effective treatments both in-vitro and in-vivo conditions as well.