سیالکوٹ کی ادبی فضا کو نکھارنے میں ادبی تحریکات اور تنظیموں نے بڑا اہم کردار ادا کیا ہے۔سکاچ مشن سکول کی لڑیری سو سائٹی کے بعد ’’انجمن پنجاب سیالکوٹ‘‘ نے علمی و ادبی سر گرمیوں کی آبیاری کی ۔انجمن پنجاب لاہور کی طرز پر ۱۸۶۶ء میں سیالکوٹ ،حصارا وردہلی میں انجمنیں قائم ہوئیں۔رشیدنیازؔ کی تحقیق کے مطابق سیالکوٹ کی پہلی ادبی تنظیم ۱۸۹۰ء میں قائم ہوئی۔وہ اس حوالے سے یوں رقم طراز ہیں:
سیالکوٹ کی سر زمین میں سب سے پہلی بزم ’’دائرۃ الا دب‘‘ تھی۔یہ تنظیم ۱۸۹۰ء میں معرض وجود میں آئی۔(۹۹)
تحقیق سے یہ بات ثابت ہے کہ دائرۃ الا دب سے بھی پہلے سیالکوٹ میں ادبی تنظیمیں موجود تھیں ۔جوادب کی ترقی میں کوشاں تھیں۔سطور بالا میں مشن سکول اور کالج کی لڑیری سوسائٹی اور انجمن پنجاب سیالکوٹ کا وجود بزم دائرۃ الادب سے پہلے کا ثابت ہوتا ہے۔
ماضی میں سیالکوٹ میں متعدد ادبی تنظیمیں ادب کی خدمت میں سر گرم رہی ہیں۔ان ادبی تنظیموں کے ذکر کے ساتھ ساتھ گذشتہ بیسویں صدی کی سیالکوٹ کی ادبی تاریخ بھی ہمارے سامنے آتی ہے۔ماضی میں سیالکوٹ میں جوادبی انجمنیں فعال اور متحرک رہی ہیں ان میں بزم اردو جموں و کشمیر،انجمن ترقی پسند مصنفین،انجمن آزاد خیال مصنفین ،رائٹر ز گلڈ،حلقہ ارباب ذوق،بزمِ افکار،بزمِ فروغ اردو،بزمِ فکر وطن اور بزم ِاحباب قابل ذکر ہیں ۔یہ تنظیمیں اپنے اپنے وقت میں سیالکوٹ میں ادبی سر گرمیوں میں مصروف رہی ہیں۔ان تنظیموں میں سے اہم تنظیموں کا مختصر تعارف دلچسپی سے خالی نہیں۔
۱۔بزم اردو جموں و کشمیر:
بزمِ اردو جموں و کشمیر ۱۹۳۲ء میں سری نگر میں قائم ہوئی۔پہلے اس تنظیم کانام ’’بزمِ سخن‘‘ تھا۔۱۹۳۷ء میں مولانا علیم الدین سالک کی تحریک پر اس کانام ’’بزم اردو جموں و کشمیر‘‘ رکھا...
The concept of assertion has been playing a vital role in the linguistic to specify the meaning and nullify the uncertainties from the sentences. The numerous uses of assertion and its tools in Arabic language also played very significant role in interpreting the Qur’ān. Due to this reason rhetoricians and exegetists have much emphasized this phenomenon in their books and exegesis. One of the renowned books written by Abdul Qahir Jurjani is "دلائل الإعجاز" in which he mentioned its importance, principals and components in detail. The aim of this paper is to investigate the methods and stratigeis used by the great Muffasīr Abu Sa'ud, who tried to apply the rhetoric principals in his Tafsīr "إرشاد العقل السليم إلي مزايا القرآن الكريم" more emphasizing the phenomenon of assertion, its components, tools and importance in molding the concepts and meaning of the sentence.
The tremendous growth in electronic data of universities creates the need to have some meaningful information extracted from these large volumes of data. The advancement in data mining field makes it possible to mine educational data for improving the quality of the educational processes. This dissertation, thus, uses data mining methods to study the performance of undergraduate students. Two aspects of students’ performance have been focused on. Firstly, predicting students’ academic achievement at the end of a 4-year study programme, and secondly, studying typical progressions and combining them with prediction results. Predicting performance of students at the end of a university degree at an early stage of the degree program would help universities not only to focus more on bright students but also to initially identify students with low academic achievement and find ways to support them. The data of four academic cohorts of three faculties at NED University of Engineering & Technology, comprising 347 undergraduate students of Computer Science and Information Technology, 587 undergraduate students of Civil Engineering and 430 undergraduate students of Electronic Engineering, have been mined with different classifier models. The results show that it is possible to predict the graduation performance in final year at university using only pre-university marks and marks of first and second year courses, no socio-economic or demographic features, with a reasonable accuracy. Using only marks for students’ performance prediction and no other socio-demographic features will enable university administration to develop an educational policy that is easier to implement. This is the reason to investigate whether acceptable results can be obtained with marks only. Further, data of one cohort of students are used to predict students’ performance of the following cohort to test the generalizability and therefore the actionability of our approach. Moreover, using these classifiers, we explore how to derive courses that can serve as effective indicators for students’ performance at an early stage of the degree program for timely intervention. Indeed, once such courses are put in evidence, performance of students at the end of a course could be predicted and would allow for intervention while the indicator courses are actually taking place. A pragmatic policy is proposed to derive those indicators based on decision trees, a kind of classifiers that is explained in Chapter 2, Section 2.1.3.1. As the obtained decision trees have a lower accuracy than two other classifiers, though it is still acceptable, the goodness of the pragmatic policy needs to be further investigated. Therefore, we investigate how academic performance of students evolves over the four-year degree as a kind of triangulation. For this purpose, students of two consecutive cohorts of Computer Science and Information Technology have been clustered each year taking their final examination marks in individual courses in each of the four years. X-means and K-means clustering taking Euclidean distance for both algorithms have been applied. We put in evidence interesting typical progressions in particular students who have low marks all the way through their studies and students with high marks throughout their studies. The key contribution of our work is to understand the benefits of the pragmatic policy that is proposed earlier in this work. It turns that our pragmatic policy uncovers (almost) all the targeted students: students with low marks and students with high marks. Therefore, its implementation can be recommended.