معاشرے کی تعمیر وترقی میں طلباء کا کردار
نحمدہ ونصلی علی رسولہ الکریم امّا بعد فاعوذ بااللہ من الشیطن الرجیم
بسم اللہ الرحمن الرحیم
معزز سامعین اور میرے ہم مکتب شاہینو!آج مجھے جس موضوع پر لب کشائی کرنی ہے وہ ہے:’’معاشرے کی تعمیر وترقی میں طلباء کا کردار ‘‘
جنابِ صدر!
طالب علم معاشرے کا ایک اہم جزو ہے، ایک اہم حصہ ہے، معاشرے کی تسبیح کا ایک اہم دانہ ہے، ایک اہم شمارہے، طالب علم کا وجود گھر کے لیے، خاندان کے لیے، معاشرے کے لیے، ملک وقوم کے لیے ریڑھ کی ہڈی کی حیثیت رکھتا ہے۔ وہ معاشرہ جس میں طالب علم کا کوئی کردار نہ ہو وہ حقیقت میں معاشرہ کہلانے کا حق دار نہیں ہے۔
صاحبِ صدر!
ایک ہونہار طالب علم جب علمی درسگاہ کے زیور سے مزیّن اور مرصعّ ہو کر خانگی ، معاشرتی، سیاسی اور قومی ماحول میں قدم رکھتا ہے تو اس کا وجود پورے ماحول کو متاثر کرتا ہے، اس کی گفتگو، اس کی نشست و برخاست ، اس کا قیام وقعود معیاری ہوتا ہے، اس کا اندازِ جہاں بانی منفرد اور یکتا ہوتا ہے، اس نے دورانِ تدریس صحت مند اور مفید نصاب کے اوراق اسود کی ورق گردانی کی ہوتی ہے۔
جنابِ صدر!
اس نے اگر منافقت کا باب پڑھا ہوتا ہے تو ریاکاری اور منافقت سے دور رہ کراپنی زندگی گزارتا ہے ،گل سر سبنر کی طرح مضافاتی علاقے کو معطر رکھتا ہے، جو تعلیمی ادارے میں پڑھتا ہے اس پر من وعن عمل کرتا ہے، اس کی زندگی عوام النّاس کے لیے ایک نعمت غیر مترقبہ ہوتی ہے۔
معزز سامعین!
ایک ذی فہم و فراست اور ذی شعور طالب علم ،علم و دانش کے نشتر سے معاشرے کے وجود سے جہالت، نفرت، بغض، حسد، ریا کاری ،نمود ونمائش، اقرباء پروری...
Epilepsy which is also called seizures disorder is an uncontrolled action of the central nervous system. It is not a single disease but a set of neurological disorders. Actually in this situation, the brain does not receive a precise signal and as a result an abnormal condition is produced that is usually involuntary in action. In this review, we aimed to focus on the relationship of anti-epileptic drugs with sexual dysfunction and adaptation of better remedies that improve a patient’s family life. Sexual dysfunction is a common comorbidity in people with epilepsy which badly affects their quality of life. Sexual dysfunction is caused by different factors like psychiatric problems, anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) and social factors etc. Sexual dysfunctions include ejaculatory failure, lessen libido, penile erection in men and irregular menstrual cycle in women. Common drugs such as Topiramate, Gabapentin (GBP), Valproate (VA), Carbamazepine (CBZ), Olanzapine (OL) and Risperidone (RTG) that are in practice to treat epilepsy usually produced adverse effect on sexual dysfunction. Even though a lot of studies have been carried out to control sexual dysfunction in epilepsy’s patient, but still research is going on. Medicine such as Cyproheptadine, Mianserin, Buspirone, Yohimbine were found better to treat epilepsy with minimum side effects of sexual dysfunction. Moreover, it is also seen that certain vasodilators, folate , and vitamin supplements are effective in improving the quality of life.
Politics of Language: English literature, Pakistan and our colonial past This research has been a means to examine the study of the topic mentioned in Pakistani educational context and the English literature and language being taught after the creation of Pakistan. An attempt has also been made to look into the cultural and socio-political dimensions of control which were established by the British colonist through the implementation of their language and literature in subcontinent in 1835. Furthermore, Antonio Gramsci (1935) and Edward Said's (1979. 1983) theoretical models are used here to describe the on going process of cultural hegemony, which is being carried on through educational institutions. This has been dealt with by attempting to discuss the present English curriculum at post graduate level with especial reference to Punjab University in the light of research topic. The research was carried out in two phases .In phase one modification of questionnaire was completed. Pilot study and, pre-testing of the scales was done to see its appropriateness to the suggested research purpose. Main study was performed. The sampling that was used in this study was purposive. The total sample size was 150. The instrument of this study was a questionnaire, which was a modified form of Likert scale for the attitude measurement. It had four parts and 20 items. The locale of the study had been four colleges in Rawalpindi and Islamabad which are affiliated with the University of the Punjab. The scale helped to validate the three main dimensions (pragmatic, affective, cultural) associated with the study of English literature. The research aimed to find out how hegemony of the Western literature is perpetuated through education in Pakistan therefore, in the second phase the theoretical models were investigated through a detailed library research. The theoretical analysis as well as the curriculum content selection was analysed qualitatively, in order to highlight the role and importance of other literatures in english in the curriculum as other and indigenous cultural representations in education to neutralize and decentralize the Anglo centricity that exists in our present pedagogy of English literature in higher education. The following conclusions were drawn from the data interpretation and qualitative analysis of the curriculum: 1. The curriculum revisions show that our policy makers and curriculum designers are allowing to perpetuate the hegemonic stance of the previous colonisers for not taking an independent course by not introducing other literatures than mainstream British. 2. The curriculum designed is not in the interest of the great majority of Pakistani's in the area of culture and ideology. 3. The domination and hegemony of the Western discourse exists in the form of preponderance of British and American writers in literature syllabi. 4. The major problematic is the uncritical consumption of hierarchy of literature as knowledge in educational context and therefore the post colonial educational structure emerges as the target of criticism.