کراچی کا شیر
مرزا مقبول احمد
کراچی کا شیر مگر جس کی بہادری اور جرات کے قصے پنجاب کی جیلوں شاہی قلعوں کے عقوبت خانوں میں لکھے ہوئے ہیں ۔دبلا پتلا سا خوبصورت جوان مرزا مقبول اپنے وزن سے بھاری بیڑیاں پہنے چھن چھن کرتا ہنستا مسکراتا کوٹ لکھپت جیل کے احاطے میں دندناتا پھرتا آج بھی نظروں میں گھوم جا تا ہے تو اس کے لیے ڈھیروں پیار دل میں بھر جا تا ہے ۔عارف لوہار کے چمٹے کی طرح بیڑیا ں بجاتے گنگناتے ہوئے :
جانے کیوں لوگ محبت کیا کرتے ہیں
دل کے بدلے درد دل لیا کرتے ہیں
گاتا تو محسوس ہو تا ہے کہ محبت کی کوئی ادھوری داستان جیل سے باہر چھوڑ آ یا ہے ۔مرزا مقبول استاد مسرور احسن ہو غلام حسین چانڈیو یا مصطفی میمن ہو یا دیگر ساتھی اپنی گہری یادیں پنجاب چھوڑ آئے ہیں، جنہیں دوست آج بھی یاد کرتے ہیں ہم بھول بھی کیسے سکتے ہیں اپنے انمول ساتھیوں کو ۔سندھ والو ان کی قدر کرو جس عزت و احترام کے قابل یہ لوگ ہیں انہیں ضرور دینا چاہیے ۔ایسے ہیروز روزر وز پیدا نہیں ہوتے ۔
The present study was conducted with the aim to investigate the relationship between Selfefficacy, Life satisfaction, and Quality of life in local tourists of Pakistan. Data was collected from local tourists, a total of 151 men and women. A correlational research design was used along with snowball sampling to collect data from participants by using of Self-efficacy scale (SES), Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), and Quality of life scale (QOL). The results revealed that there was a significant positive relationship among self-efficacy, life satisfaction, and quality of life in local tourists of Pakistan. Further, the results showed that self-efficacy and satisfaction with life are significantly correlated with factors of quality of life. Self-efficacy, satisfaction with life, and quality of life are found more in tourists who travel more frequently in a year. This study has implications for developing the tourist industry and encouraging local travel for Pakistani‘s as an intervention to improve the health and wellbeing of people.
The bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) produces Cry toxins that possess toxic properties and can be used as biopesticides. Cry2Aa and Cry2Ac are among unusual subset of crystalline proteins possessing broad insect species specificity by exhibiting high specific activity against larvae from two insect orders, Lepidoptera and Diptera of agricultural and public health significance. The cry2Ac11 gene is located at third position (orf3) in operon comprising of three genes. It needs accessory proteins for crystal formation and high yield. Translation initiation is key rate-limiting step. It is well-known that stable structure at a ribosome binding site (RBS) impedes initiation. Modification in RBS-spacer region tunes translation initiation rates. Genetic manipulation of cry2Ac11 gene without helper protein was carried out in this study by optimizing ribosomal binding site and spacer region (RBS-ATG) in translation initiation region (TIR). The five different types of mutations were introduced in TIR to unveil inhibitory and excitatory effects on translation. These mutants are: 1), operSalI/RBSD and mut/RBSD in which downstream RBS (GGAGG) 6 bp downstream to native RBS was introduced in TIR of cry2Ac11 operon and gene; 2), mut/RBSF in which four nucleotides (ATGGG) were incorporated after RBS-ATG spacer region; 3), mut/RBSSin which overlapping start and two stop codons were introduced after RBS-ATG spacer region; 4), mut/RBSSP in which RBS-ATG spacerregion waslengthened to 23 nucleotides; 5), mut/RBS2 in which consecutive two ATGs were incorporated in TIR. Secondary structures of mutants, estimated by CLC Main Workbench, revealed that mut/RBS2 RNA exhibits most stable structure in RBS-AUG region. RBS Calculator predicts high translation rate in mut/RBSD and mut/RBS2. Mutants were expressed in B. thuringiensis 4Q7 acrystalliferous strain. The transcriptomics-proteomics profiles of all cry2Ac11 constructs provide a unique opportunity to investigate how faithfully the transcriptional profile is manifested at the protein level. Therefore, in this study correlation between mRNA abundance and protein expression profiles in all Cry2Ac11 recombinant strains were also investigated. The highest transcript profile of B. thuringiensis 4Q7-mut/RBS2, (a mutant in which consecutive multiple AUG were introduced), was obtained by Real time PCR. Furthermore, SDS-PAGE profile of total cellular proteins indicated that overexpression of Cry2Ac11 (65kDa) was obtained in 4Q7-mut/RBS2. It was concluded that overexpression of Cry2Ac11 toxin without helper protein in mut/RBS2 mRNA was most likely due to presence of consecutive start codons (AUGs) in TIR. Presence of RBS in the single stranded part of moderately stable hairpin loop (ΔG = 8.7 kcal/mol) in mut/RBS2 facilitates the interaction of RBS to the complementary 16S rRNA sequences of 30S ribosomal subunit. In proposed model, multiple factors are thought to contribute in translation efficiency of mut/RBS2 (cry2Ac11 mutants without helper protein) which includes stabilizer sequence at 5′ and 3′ ends, the availability of the RBS for binding to the anti-SD of 16S rRNA of 30S ribosomal unit and optimal context of RBS-AUG region provided by multiple AUGs in TIR.