PHYSICAL THERAPY TREATMENT IN POSTNATAL WOMEN

Background: The postnatal period starts at the time when a mother gives birth to a baby; all changes that occur during pregnancy come back to a normal state like hormonal levels, size of the uterus, and weight. According to WHO this is the most ignorant period for postnatal women and their children by the society which is a bitter reality that’s why death is common in many mothers and children during the postnatal period. In Physical therapy, Gynecological rehabilitation is an important part of treatment and also a topic of consideration for referrals to doctors in the postnatal period to improve the issues related to postnatal women. Objective: To enhance the knowledge regarding the role of Physical therapy in the postnatal period of women. Search Strategy: This is a review article with extracts from various search engines like PubMed, CDC, MP, MCHI, Google scholar, Sci-Hub, etc. It is used to increase the knowledge regarding various treatment options in physical therapy that are helpful for postnatal women without causing side effects. Conclusion: Physical therapy consists of many interventions that can be beneficial, and it improves the quality of life of postnatal women.

First Principles Studies of Two Dimensional Transition Metal Dichalcogenides and Mxenes With Tailored Properties

In this thesis, we employ Density Functional Theory to gain a comprehensive insight in the physical properties (structural, vibrational, optoelectronic, photocatalytic) of MXenes, two dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) and their heterostructure, aiming at extending their applicability. In MXenes, Ti2CO2, Zr2CO2, and Hf2CO2 are found to be indirect band gap semiconductors with a band gap of 0.85 eV, 1.62 eV and 1.72 eV respectively. Transition from an indirect to a direct band gap has been achieved for the biaxial tensile strain of 3% for Ti2CO2, 8% for Zr2CO2, and 13% for Hf2CO2 while the nature of the band gap remained indirect in the case of the compressive strain. The size of the band gap passed through a maximum under tensile strain and decreased monotonically under compressive strain. Analysis of Bader charge distribution show that the tensile strain decreased the transfer of charge from the Ti, Zr, and Hf atoms to the C atom. Phonon spectra exhibit that these systems are stable under a wide range of strains from compression to tension. The photocatalytic properties shows that unstrained and biaxial tensile strained Ti2CO2, Zr2CO2, and Hf2CO2 systems can be used to oxidize H2O into O2. In 2D TMDCs, MoS2, MoSe2 and MoTe2 are found to be direct band gap semiconductors. Compressive strain of 1.5% for MoS2, 1% for MoSe2, and 1.5% for MoTe2, transform their band gaps from direct to indirect. A remarkable valence band splitting and mobility of electron are also calculated and found to vary under strain. Photocatalytic properties show that unstrained and respective strained MoS2 and MoSe2 systems can oxidize H2O to O2, while MoTe2 fail to oxidize. Furthermore phonon spectra dictate that these systems are stable under both compressive and tensile strains. Mo2CO2/W2CO2 and Mo2CF2/W2CO2 out-of-plane heterostructures and their corresponding monolayers are found to be dynamically stable. Mo2CO2 and W2CO2 exhibiting the properties of two dimensional large band gap topological insulator, while Mo2CF2 and W2CF2 are metals. Topological behavior of Mo2CO2 and W2CO2 monolayers remain in Mo2CO2/W2CO2 (semiconductor-semiconductor) van der Waals heterostructure having type-II band alignment. Metal-semiconductor (Mo2CF2/W2CO2) heterostructure generating n-type Schottky contact with barrier height of 0.29 eV, due to dipole interface induced by charge rearrangement. Large absorption in visible region is observed in the Mo2CO2 than W2CO2, where blue shift is noticed in the excitonic peaks of later. A further blue shift is observed in the W2CO2/Mo2CO2, especially the part contributed by Mo2CO2.