غزل---مبشر سعید،رجسٹراریونیورسٹی آف ساہیوال
کوئی ملتا ہی نہیں سوختہ پا میری طرح
میرے جیون کو اُداسی سے ملانے والا!
میں نے احباب کو آواز لگا کر پوچھا
اے کئی دن سے مرے ذہن پہ چھائے ہوئے شخص
رات بھر چاند کو احوال سنانے کے لیے
زندگی! میری طرف دیکھ کے ایماں سے بتا
تند اور تیز ہواؤں کے علاقے میں سعید
جس کو معلوم ہو وحشت کا پتا میری طرح
دشت میں پھِرتا رہے آبلہ پا میری طرح
کوئی رہتا ہے شبِ غم میں سدا، میری طرح؟
تو مجھے وصل کے سپنے نہ دکھا میری طرح
کیا ٹھہرتی ہے دریچوں میں ہوا، میری طرح؟
ایک بھی شخص کوئی تجھ کو مِلا، میری طرح
زیست کرتا ہے فقط دل کا دِیا میری طرح
This study examines the community services and facilities provided seeking for, (صلى الله عليه وسلم) Prophet Holy of life the in Madinah of State the in guidance in the social development of community by fulfilling the basic needs of citizens in the modern-day. By declaring Medina a first Muslim state, the Holy Prophet (ﷺ) rendered invaluable services for the betterment of his people. He stressed upon providing fundamental rights of the human beings. The focus of this article is to shed light upon the ways of providing the most important needs of the citizens, which have been insured in the state of Madīnah, especially but not limited to those of a Muslim community. Nonetheless, it further elaborates how a civil government can provide the basic infrastructure, development of roads, religion abodes, supplying clean water, and promotion of peace and harmony among the people, and the rights of minorities in the light of Sīrat-e-Ṭayyibah. The method used in this article is descriptive and analytical study of the relevant Aḥādith, and building arguments on it. This study concluded State the in municipality the of foundations the led (صلى الله عليه وسلم) Prophet Holy that of Madīnah, and the basic needs of food, shelter, clean water. It ensured a peaceful society. Moreover, it is suggested that these aspects and teachings of Sīrat should be blazoned widespread to pave the way for social development, peace and harmony.
Present study was designed to monitor organochlorine and pyrethroids pesticides, possible sources, their spatial and temporal variations, bioaccumulation pattern in fish through water and sediments and human risk assessment. Levels of aldrin, o, p′, DDT p, p′, DDT o, p′, DDE p, p′, DDE, α-Endosulfan, β-Endosulfan from organochlorine and cypermethrin, deltamethrin, permethrin and bifenthrin from pyrethroids class were monitored in the present study. During the study, five fish species, four carnivores (Channa marulius, Anguilla rostrata, Channa punctatus and Wallagu attu) and one herbivore (Labeo boga) were sampled from the four headworks of the river Chenab. Samples were collected from three major aquatic matrices (water, sediments and fish) from the eight sampling sites situated at Marala, Khanki, Qadirabad and Trimu Headworks of River Chenab, during summer and winter seasons. Prior to analysis, liquid phase extraction technique was applied for water samples while all the collected sediment and fish samples were extracted by Soxhlet Extraction Technique. Samples were then processed to column chromatography for cleanup and analyzed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) after achieving LOD and LOQ and assuring all the quality control procedures. BCF and BSAF were calculated for the presence of relevant pesticides in water, fish and sediments. Human health risk was assessed for organochlorine and pyrethroids pesticides by consuming the contaminated fish. Physical and chemical parameters of both water and sediments collected from all the sampling sites of the river Chenab were determined. Analysis of variance (ANOVA), cluster analysis and PCA were applied for significance, classification of sites and source identification of pesticides. Concentrations of pesticides in surface waters of River Chenab ranged from 15 to165 and 23 to 275 ngL- 1 for organochlorine and 0.087 to 0.189 and 0.094 to 0.355 µgL-1 for pyrethroids during summer and winter seasons, respectively. Among organochlorine pesticides, DDTs exhibited the highest concentration in all water, sediments and fish samples, followed by Endosulfan and then aldrin while from pyrethroids group, deltamethrin showed highest values followed by cypermethrin, permethrin and then bifenthrin in descending order. Concentrations of DDT in water exceeded from the CCC concentration guidelines of USEPA while aldrin levels were higher than the PSQCA set criteria. Concentrations of pesticides in sediments ranged from 4.3 to 156.3 and 8.15 to 239.19 ngg-1 for organochlorine and 0.147 to 1.162 and 0.254 to 1.248 µgg-1 for pyrethroids during summer and winter seasons respectively. The risk assessment estimated that the 12.5-100% of sediments exceeded than the sediment quality guidelines while total DDTs level exceeded in 75-100% of sediments samples compared to the sediments quality standards. Indicative ratios of DDT with its isomer and metabolites suggested the past and current application and long transport range of organochlorine. Deltamethrin, cypermethrin and permethrin concentrations in water were found to be higher than their LC50 while levels of pyrethroids in sediments were below its LC50 values. Statistical analysis reflected the intensive agro-industrial activities and municipal effluents as major sources of organochlorine and pyrethroids in the freshwater ecosystem of river Chenab. The level of organochlorine monitored at Khanki Headworks (S3, S4) was relatively higher than the other three Headworks while level of pyrethroids was higher at Trimu Headworks (S7, S8) as compared to Marala, Khanki and Qadirabad Headworks. Organochlorine and pyrethroids levels in all the samples of water, sediments and fish were higher during winter season as compared to summer season. Organochlorine concentrations in fish ranged from 23.79 to 387.12 ngg-1 but 0.35 to 1.272 µgg-1 for pyrethroids during summer and winter seasons respectively indicated their bio-magnification in fish. Risk assessments of organochlorine pesticides showed that DDT contaminated fish intake would pose a health risk to humans. However, no immediate risk was assessed by pyrethroid contaminated fish consumption. Present study results highlighted both organochlorine (outdated) and pyrethroids (current) pesticides associated pollution in the riverine ecosystem of the river Chenab to mitigate the adverse situation. Current study also evaluated the phytoremediation potential of aquatic macrophytes (Eichhornia crassipes, Pistia stratiotes) and algae (chaetomorphasutoria, sirogoniumsticticum and zygnema sp.) for organochlorine and pyrethroids pesticides. Eleven treatments (T1- T11) with and without plants were used for phytoremediation of organochlorine and pyrethroid pesticides. Water and plant samples were extracted by liquid phase and solid phase extraction respectively and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. During the experiment, P. stratiotes, E. crassipes and algae (C. sutoria, S. sticticum and Zygnema sp.) showed good removal efficiency with 62% (71% root, 29% shoot), 60% (67% root, 33% shoot), and 58% respectively for organochlorine and 76% (76% root, 24% shoot), 68% (69% root, 31% shoot), and 70% respectively for pyrethroids. Dissipation rate constant of treatments with plants (T2, T3, T5, T6, T8, and T9) was significantly higher (p < 0.05) as compared to treatments without plants i.e. T10 and T11 (control) for both organochlorine and pyrethroids. Bioconcentration factor of pyrethroids treatments (T3, T6, and T9) was significantly higher (p < 0.05) as compared to that of organochlorine treatments (T2, T5 and T8). The removal efficiency of E. crassipes, P. stratiotes and algae (C. sutoria, S. sticticum and Zygnema sp.) for pyrethroids was significantly higher (p < 0.01) as compared to that of organochlorine. Present study concluded that organochlorine and pyrethroids pesticides were abundantly found in the three aquatic environmental compartments (water, sediments and fish) that may cause a severe ecological risk to humans and other biota due to continuous and irregular use of these chemicals which ultimately add to the river Chenab via surface runoff or atmospheric deposition.