کوزہ گر ۔۔۔اور شہر ِ اوہام
عدنان ظفر
ریل کی پٹڑیوں کے پارمضافات میں گاؤں آبادتھا۔ ہر طرف ایک عجیب سی چیختی ہوئی خاموشی تھی۔ راستوں پہ ہر طرف کیچڑ، بارش کا پانی نہ جانے کب سےٹھہرا ہو ا تھا، اور اس گدلے پانی کے کناروں پر جمی ہوئی کائی ماحول کو اور زیاہ ہولناک بنا رہی تھی۔ چھوٹے چھوٹے مینڈک تیزی سے پھدکتے ادھر سے ادھر جاتے اور ٹروں ٹروں کا راگ آلاپتے اس بے جان خاموشی کو چڑہا رہےتھے۔فیروز ایک کوزہ گر تھا ، جو اسی بستی میں ایک جھونپڑی میں محض ٹھنڈی مٹی کے ڈھیر کے سوا کچھ بھی نہ تھا، اور اس نے برسوں سے کوزے بنانے چھوڑ دیے تھے۔اس کی جھونپڑی میں اشیائے ضروریہ کی کمی اس حد تک تھی کہ جیسے فالج زدہ جسم میں حرکت کی کمی ہوتی ہے۔
پس ِ پردہ۔۔۔۔۔۔۔آٹوگراف
اہلِ شہادت ، اہل ِ محسنین اور اہلِ جمال۔۔۔۔۔۔۔!
افسوس کہ کچھ باقی نا رہا ، ۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔سوائے آٹو گراف البم۔۔۔!
قحط الرجال ارزاں،
مردم شماری عروج پکڑ گئی، مردم شناسی ناپید۔
لوحِ ایام پہ سفرِ ِِنصیب لکھ دیا گیا ، مگر آوازِ دوست قحط الرجال کی مانند حرفِ شوق ٹھہری ۔آبِ گم کی تلاش کسی زرگذشت کے راہ کا نشان بن گئی اور شامِ شیرِ یاراں کےخیالو ں کا مدفن بنی۔لیکن آٹو گراف پانے کی خواہش ہنوذ جاویداں اور آٹو گراف البم ابھی خریدا ہی نہیں۔
اسے بچپن ہی سے مٹی سے لگاؤ تھا۔وہ گِل و لا سے ایسے مجہور کوزے بنانا چاہتا تھا ،جو نہ صرف حقیقت سے لبریز ہوں بلکہ ان میں انسانوں کی طرح کی وہ عادتیں بھی پائی جائیں جس...
Ijtihad is not an ordinary matter, but an important and sensible religious responsibility from Sharia’h perspective. That is why, Islam does notpermits everyone to indulge in, rather imposes some pre-requisites of widespread knowledge, penetrating insight, intellectual wisdom and similar ext ra ordinary capabilities, without which Ijtihad is deemed as unacceptable and unauthentic. Similarly, any such so-called Ijtihad is also worthless which is not based on knowledge and argument. Several threats have been mentioned in Ahadith on such types of Ijtihad. However, acceptable and reward earning Ijtihad is one which is based on knowledge and arguments, fulfilling all pre-requisite conditions for the task. The essential conditions for indulging in Ijtihad are: expertise in Arabic language, deep understanding of Quran and Sunnah, knowledge of principles of Islamic jurisprudence especially analogy (Qayas), God-gifted intellect and wisdom, know- how about demands of contemporary age, knowledge about demanding situation for making Ijtihad, its procedure and about Shariah perspectives in this regard, and piousness. These conditions are agreed upon with consensus. Besides, there are some conditions which arouse difference of opinion, e.g. Knowledge of Usul-e-Deen, Logics, and particular problems of Islamic jurisprudence, etc. Some scholars consider them amongst essential conditions for Ijtihad, while rest majority do not deem them as necessary. Allama Shatibi, in his individual opinion contradicting to that of majority, has allowed for non-Muslims also to do Ijtihad. However, majority of scholars opine that Islam is the first pre-requisite condition for the task, hence non-Muslim is not capable for that.
The stability constants of gatifloxacin-metal complexes have been studied potentiometrically. The stability constant of the gatifloxacin metal complexes were calculated using a potentiometric method.For this purpose potentiometric data were computed through PSEQUAD Software. Stoichiometry of the complexes was calculated by Job’s method and mole ratio at different pH ranging from 4 to 9.During the stoichiometric determination of gatifloxacin-metal complexes at different pH, 1:1 ratio of metal to ligand at lower pH and 1:2 ratio of metal to ligand at higher pH were employed. For thermodynamic parameters like ∆?, ∆? and ∆? of gatifloxacin metal complexes were determined by pH titration at different temperatures (i.e. 30 ºC, 35 ºC, 40 ºC, 45 ºC and 50 ºC). The pH titration data were used for calculation of ???? values by PSEQUAD computer program. Graphs were plotted for ??? versus 1/?.The slope of this graph represents (−∆?/?) and the intercept is (∆?/?).The changes in ???? values at different temperatures were examined and enthalpy and entropy values were determined for ML and ML2 of gatifloxacin complexes. Gatifloxacin and moxifloxacin complexes were synthesized with different metal ions including Mg(II), Al(III), Ca(II), Cr(III), Mn(II), Fe(III), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) and their structures were determined by spectrophtometric techniques like UV and IR. Stability studies of gatifloxacin and moxifloxacin were carried out under accelerated and long term conditions.Thermo lab stability chamber model T90008008 was used for that purpose. For accelerated stability studies, gatifloxacin and moxifloxacin were kept at 40 °C ± 2 °C at humidity RH 75% ± 5% and nil intensity of light (illuminate degree) was applied for six months.For long term stability conditions, at 30 °C ± 2 °C, humidity RH 70% ± 5% and nil intensity of light (illuminate degree) was applied for 12 months. No significant changed were observed on gatifloxacin under accelerated and long term conditions. In order to monitor the stability studies, the HPLC and spectrophotometric methods were developed as per ICH guide line. IR spectra were also obtained for identification of gatifloxacin and moxifloxacin were during stability studies. xix In-vitro biological activities (antibacterial and antifungal) of gatifloxacin and moxifloxacin and their metal complexes were performed.It was found that the metal complexes are more active as compared to gatifloxacin and moxifloxacin.