بین المذاہب ہم آہنگی میں حائل رکاوٹوں کا جائزہ

In contemporary world several efforts have been made to restore the global peace, harmony and co-existence, and still the struggles continue but in vain. There are some serious problems to be addressed in the first phase. Some of these problems, for interfaith harmony and co-existence are associated with political and economical imbalance or injustice, while some of these are related to social and collective values at the world level, particularly in the Muslim society. In the past, political and economic motives were responsible for wars. It is predicted that in future the situation will remain the same. However Religious extremism and fundamentalism are just slogans of the western world for covring up real economic intentions. Western world particularly Americans promote wars for achievement of economic gains. This article focuses on the real causes of terrorisim, which is threatening our globe. Moreover it also suggests how to control these issues and help in the restoration of peace and interfaith harmony. The economic, political and social causes have been highlighted in detail. The big powers while talking of helping the developing countries want in reality to exploit economically those countries.

Computer Aided Drug Design and Analysis of Protein Kinases and Other Related Targets

Current Ph.D. dissertation comprises of five chapters. A brief overview of every chapter is presented to provide an outline of the research contribution which is done in this thesis. Chapter 1 provide details regarding the general introduction of Computer-Aided Drug Discovery (CADD). In particular, it focuses on molecular modeling, Structure-based and Ligand-based drug design methods. Chapter 2 is related to the inhibitory studies of CK2 protein. In this study docking, 3DQSAR and MD simulation are reported with an emphasis on how each method is utilized to gain insight at the molecular level. Alignment obtained from the top-ranked conformation of inhibitors was used for developing the statically significant 3D-QSAR model. A further model was validated through the acceptable extrapolative ability to support both training and test set compounds. Structural changes were observed with the help of MD simulation produced by different substitution on inhibitors. Based on QSAR and MD results some new compounds were also designed. Chapter 3 deals with an effort to identify new pharmacological probes with high specificity for EPAC2 inhibition, using various modern computational tools. Initially, a comprehensive assessment of different scoring function and placement methods was conducted, and effective pharmacophore-based virtual screening protocol was set for the screening of EPAC2 inhibitors. The optimal model with the best six features brought forth and used as a 3D query for virtual screening to retrieve potential inhibitors from Maybridge, Cambridge, and NCI database. The screened compounds were subsequently subjected to molecular docking and 2D-QSAR studies. Finally, 22 top scored compounds with different scaffold having interactions with active site residues were predicted as a lead candidate who may become the starting point in the development of novel and potent EPAC2 inhibitor. Chapter 4 comprise of detailed work on Aurora Kinase B inhibitors. The inhibition of Aurora kinase B is necessary for the treatment of cancerous diseases. By utilizing integrated computational techniques, including 3D-QSAR modeling, pharmacophorebased virtual screening, and MD simulation, we proposed some novel compounds as potential Aurora kinase B inhibitors. Additionally, the highly significant 3D-QSAR model was developed using CoMFA and CoMSIA method. Moreover, the obtained best pharmacophore model was used for virtual screening against a database of over 30 million drugs like molecules which were randomly selected from large commercially available databases, i.e. Chembridge, National Cancer Institute database (NCI), Maybridge and ZINC database. The hit compounds were further filtered with molecular docking, and their biological activities were predicted using the CoMFA model. Visual inspection, docking calculations, and MD simulation revealed that novel leads established better binding affinities with Aurora kinase B. Chapter 5 deals with the antidiabetic potential of naturally occurring flavonoids. In this study, 9 selected flavonoids compounds were evaluated for their binding affinities with PKA via molecular docking study. According to in silico prediction, these compounds are involved in PKA dependent pathway which was further explored by in vitro mice islets.