مصادر قانون بطور سند اسلامی اور مغربی اصول قانون كا تحقیقی اور تقابلی جائزہ

Validity of the law depends on its derivation from legitimate sources. The term ‘source’ denotes the norm that validates a law. Western law is based on western legal tradition which is deeply rooted in Roman law and Bible. Statutes is one of the basic source of western law, however, constitution is superior source of western legal system. The sources of Islamic law, unlike to western legal system, are basically divided into primary and secondary sources. This study aims to compare the authority of sources of legal systems, Islam and western, and analyze the objections of orientalists on Islamic law and its sources.

Exploring the Changes That Professional Development Interventions, under a Funded Project, Have Made in Schools of District Khairpur

The professional development of teachers has been key area of focus for different governmental or Non-Governmental organizations. These organizations sponsor/fund to education development projects that support the teacher professional development and institutional capacity development initiatives. The funding agencies mostly focus the areas where teachers have fewer opportunities of professional development due to lack or limited resources. This study aimed to explore the changes that have taken place as result of professional development interventions initiated by a donor funded project in District Khairpur. This study was conducted in two WSIP Schools of District Khairpur, Sindh. For this study qualitative paradigm was applied using exploratory case study. In order to know mentee teachers’ teaching practices prior to the intervention, and the changes that have taken place after the professional development interventions. Six teachers and two head teachers were purposively selected as research participants. The findings show that the teachers have brought about change in their teaching practices from traditional way of teaching to participatory approach of teaching. Teachers have improved their pedagogical skills and content knowledge; they have built a learning environment in the school. The teachers have become more self-reliant by attending the professional development sessions. The constant on-site follow-up support has enhanced their confidence level in planning lessons and activities. These professional development activities have also improved the physical condition of schools. Teachers have developed the learning resources from low cost materials and these resources are used in class classroom teaching.