Parliamentary System and Framing of the 1973 Constitution: Contest between Government and Opposition inside the National Assembly

It is generally believed that the Constitution of 1973 was passed unanimously by the parliament of Pakistan and was equally acceptable for all the federating units. While studying the processes of the approval of the said constitution inside the assembly, it becomes evident that the reality was quite different. There exists an argument that most of the Opposition members were not allowed to join the parliament’s session while the final approval of the constitution was processed. The present paper is an effort to analyse the developments that took place inside the National Assembly to pass this document which was to serve as the fundamental document of the state system in forthcoming years. In other words, the present article analyses the course of action through which the Constitution was framed. This is an analytical study primarily based on the National Assembly debates supported by the secondary sources, biographies, and autobiographies of the contemporary politicians to understand how far the amendments suggested by the then opposition were accommodated by the ruling party. Furthermore, this paper analyses the reasons for which each government has to amend the basic structure of the constitution to make it more practical and acceptable for its units. For instance the Eighteenth Amendment removed the concurrent list of the constitution but now the following governments are facing issues to implement the Amendment in detail.

Exploring Perception and Practices of Deputy District Officers As Educational Leaders in the Context of Balochistan, Pakistan

This study is about exploring perceptions and practices of Deputy District Officers (DDO-Education) as educational leaders in the context of Balochistan. The study focuses on roles and responsibilities of DDOs as educational leaders. The study was completed through qualitative study approach; the data was gathered through semi-structured interviews, observations and document analysis to ensure the validity of the data. Thematic analysis approach was used to understand the data. Two DDOs, one EDO and three Head Teachers participated in the study as primary and secondary respondents. To highlight DDOs' roles and responsibilities as education leaders, the study focused on exploring the key research question, "How do DDOs perceive and practice their roles and responsibilities as Educational Leaders in the context of Balochistan in Pakistan?" The subsidiary questions included: i) What value do DDOs give to their roles and responsibilities as Educational Leaders? ii) How do they enact their roles and responsibilities? iii) What opportunities and challenges do they face in fulfilling their roles and responsibilities? The study identified the roles and responsibilities of DDOs as educational leaders. It was found that DDOs perceived their role as supervisors instead of an educational leader. The findings of the study also showed that DDOs have opportunities of supporting staff, and in-service trainings. In addition to that, there are many challenges that DDOs face, like law and order situation, lack of human and material resources and political pressure. These factors hinder their role and responsibilities as educational leaders. The study recommends that this study of DDOs may be carried out in other districts also in order to have a comparative analysis.