Metaphors of Wine, Cup and Tavern in Poetry of Rumi and Hafiz

Poetry is one of the most prominent spiritual genres of mystic literature. Most of the mystics have expressed their thoughts in poetry. Mystic poetry is replete with metaphors of “wine”, “cup”, “tavern” and “wine-bearer” although, in Islam, the use of wine is strictly prohibited. However, the mystic poets make repeated use of such metaphors. This paper aims to compare the use of the metaphor of wine, cup, and tavern in the poetry of Rumi and Hafiz. Further, it spotlights the hidden meaning of mystical metaphors to make it expressible. The current research is based on Ricoeur’s hermeneutic model of understanding text which Ricoeur calls the Hermeneutic Arc. This study concludes that the cornerstone ideology beyond the use of metaphors is to awaken the sleeping souls, the negation of material pursuit, and realization of spiritual truth---Divine love and unity with God. Hafiz focuses on freedom, an eternity of soul, joy, and immortality; further. While Rumi talks about enlightenment of soul, union with Beloved and strong faith. Rumi’s use of language, imagery, and ideas are more powerful than Hafiz.

Ixp, an Improved Xp Process Model for Small to Medium Scale Projects

Process model is an integral part of software industry for the development of software. Conventional models have been replaced by the agile models in the software industry nowadays. It happened due to the features the agile family offers. These features can address the needs of today?s software development. In agile models, researchers and software professionals merged the top practices of software development and targeted the shortcomings of conventional process models. Extreme programming (XP) process model is one of the most extensively utilized agile process models. Uncertain and changing requirements are handled in it to provide customer contentment. Iterative and incremental method is used in it for developing quality software in small time. XP is optimal to work on small projects. Although it has a lot of advantages, but some of its drawbacks include lack of documentation, no proper architectural structure and system design, and reduced agility due to sequential tests during iteration. These limitations do not make it a good option for medium and large scale projects and it works fine with only small scale projects. Researchers have tried to customize XP to make it appropriate in different situations by tailoring its phases or by adding more practices. But these models do not provide proper direction about handling all of the XP?s limitations. Adding more practices or changing the phases affect its agility due to which it becomes difficult to implement. To address these limitations, this research has introduced IXP, an improved version of XP for small to medium scale projects which eliminates its weaknesses and introduces efficiency and effectiveness in the process of development without affecting its agility and simplicity. The validation of the proposed model is done through a case study in which an empirical analysis is conducted through the development of real time client oriented projects with XP and proposed IXP. The empirical results are compared and reflected through tables and graphs after detailed analysis. A feedback is also collected from the development team of IXP about the effectiveness of proposed IXP practices.