مسلح تصادم کے دوران و ما بعد غیر مقاتلین کے حقوق

Islam is a religion of peace and values the sanctity of life and blood. It clearly prohibits unlawful killing. However,   it is also a  fact that observing this rule is very difficult during an armed conflict but still Islam has laid down  clear injunctions about this. It has divided the belligerent groups into combatants and non-combatants and the rights of each one has been mentioned. In this article the later has been discussed. In this regard verses from the Holy Qura’n, Traditions of the Prophet (PBUH) and views of the  jurists  have been quoted. All of them guarantee sanctity of life of non-combatants. At the end, relevant articles of the International Humanitarian Law (IHL) have also been quoted, which are in  consonance with the teachings of Islam.

On Bifuzzy K-Algebras

I n this thesis we introduce a new class of logical algebras: K-algebras on a group G with identity element e by adjoining the induced binary operations on a group G, if G is not an elementary abelian 2-group. A K-algebra is non-commutative and non-associative with right identity element e. We characterize K-algebras by using their left and right mappings. Homomor- phism of K-algebras is studied. Isomorphism theorems are given. We intro- duce the notion of fuzzy K-ideals of K-algebras and give connection between fuzzy ideals and fuzzy K-ideals of K-algebras. Fuzzy isomorphism theorems are given. We discuss a new kind of fuzzy ideal of a K-algebra called, an (∈, ∈ ∨q)- fuzzy ideal. We introduce the notion of interval-valued fuzzy ideals of K-algebras and investigate some of their properties. Using interval-valued fuzzy ideals, characterizations of Noetherian K-algebras are established. A new generalized fuzzy K-subalgebra is introduced. We introduce the notion of bifuzzy ideals of K-algebras and investigate some interesting properties. We also introduce the notion of bifuzzy topological K-algebras and investi- gate some of their properties.