اردو تنقید کے بنیاد گزار(محمد حسن عسکری)
محمد حسن عسکری کی ادبی زندگی کا آغاز۱۹۳۹ء میں ہوا اور جنوری ۱۹۷۸ء میں اپنے انتقال سے دو روز قبل تک مسلسل لکھتے رہے تھے،ان کی ابتدائی شہرت افسانہ نگار کی تھی۔مگر اپنے پہلے افسانوی مجموعہ"جزیرے"(۱۹۴۳ئ)اس کے اختتامیے پر جو کچ لکھا ،آج بھی ناصرف فکشن بلکہ زندگی،ادب، ثقافت اور مشرق و مغرب کے تہذیبی امتیازکے بارے میں ان کے پختہ تنقیدی شعورکا ایک بے مثال نمونہ ہے۔
محمد حسن عسکری کئی حیثیتوں کیمالک ہیںمگر سب سے زیادہ اہمیت ان کی تنقید نگاری کو حاصل ہے تاہم ان کی تنقید جتنی توجہ کی مستحق تھی اس سیمحروم رہی۔شاید اس کا سبب ان کا تیکھا طنزیہ آمیز انداز بیان ہے کہ اس کی زد سے کم ہی مصنف بچے ہوں گے۔ایک اور سبب یہ کہ ان نقطہ نظر میں جو تبدیلی آئی اسے لوگوں نے مصلحت اور خود غرضی ٹھہرایا اور ان سے بے نیازی کا رویہ اختیار کرلیا۔
ان کا مطالعہ بہت وسیع تھامگر ادب کے سلسلے میں ان کے نظریات مستعارلیے ہوئے نہیں بلکہ ان کے اپنے تھے اور مسلسل غوروفکر کا نتیجہ تھے۔ یہ غوروفکر بھی جاری رہا اور مطالعہ بھی اس لیے ان کے خیالات میں مسلسل تبدیلی آتی رہی۔وہ انگریزی ادب کے معلم تھے بطور خاص انھیں انگریزی ادب کا مطالعہ کرنے کا موقع ملا مگروہانگریزی ادب سے مرعوب نہیں ہوئے۔انہوں نے فرانسیسی زبان بھی سیکھی اور اہم تصانیف تک رسائی حاصل کی۔جس زمانے میں وہ انگریزی اور فرانسیسی ادب کے مطالعے میں منہمک تھے، ان کا نقطہ نظر یہ تھا:
"ساری انسانیت ہمیشہ سے ایک ہے اور ایک رہے گی۔ اس لیے مشرق اور مغرب کے درمیان کوئی فرق نہیں۔سائنس نے سارے فرق مٹا دیے ہیں اور انسانیت کوایک خاندان بنادیا ہے۔اس لیے مشرق اور مغرب کے فرق پر غور کرنا بے معنی ہے۔"
شروع...
Aim: To evaluate the immediate effects of various activity levels on knee joint position sense.
Methodology: Sixty males aged between 19 and 24 years, without any complains of discomfort or pain in the knee joint were selected from Bakhtawar Amin Hospital, Multan using convenience sampling, between April 2nd, 2019 to July 28th, 2019. Group A participants walked on the treadmill at a speed of 4 km/h for 5 min (n = 20). Group B participants ran on a treadmill at 6.4 km per hour for five minutes (n = 20). Group C participants sprinted on a treadmill at 8.5 km per hour for five minutes (n = 20).
Results: Mean age of the subjects was 21.18±1.77. In the moderate physical activity group, the difference in the means in passive reproduction of the knee flexion angle of 20o observed was 1.40±2.39, (p-value 0.013), and similarly in intense physical activity was 1.75±3.58 (p-value 0.020). For the knee flexion angle of 40o, the difference in the means for moderate was 1.35±1.84 (p=0.002), and for the intense activity was 2.35±2.27 (p=0.012). However, in the group with mild physical activity, the difference in the means was statistically insignificant.
Conclusion: The study indicated that physical activities of moderate level and intense level decrease the joint position sense appreciation at the knee joint in less active healthy individuals.
Thesis title: Language Shift and the Speech Community: A Sociolinguistic Study of Tarawara Community in Bandi Shungli Language shift is the course by which a speech community in a contact situation (i.e. comprising bilingual speakers) progressively discontinues employing one of its two languages in favor of the other. Attitudes of speakers of a language and existing domain have been taken as vital indicators of vitality and endangerment. Mankiyali, a minority language, spoken in the village of Dana in the Mansehra District of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), faces looming threat of extinction. The present research has revealed that the use of the language in different domains is gradually decreasing, and total number of fluent speakers of Mankiyali has reduced to less than 500 individuals. The present study aimed to establish genealogical relationship with Hindko, Gujari and Ushojo, Gowro and Bateri. It analyzed the phonological overview of Mankiyali. It also explored existing domains, factors of maintenance of this language, and causes of looming language shift using ethnographic field qualitative methods. Cross sectional procedures were selected for quantitative paradigm. The lexical comparison of Mankiyali with other languages shows that this language belongs to “Dardic” group of Indo-Aryan languages. It shares higher lexical similarity with Bateri than any other language within the “Dardic “group. According to the lexical similarity analysis, field observation and interviews, Mankiyali is not mutually intelligible with any other neighboring languages including Bateri. This study also presented a preliminary analysis of syllable structures, consonants and vowels of Mankiyali language. The thematic analysis revealed seven domains of Mankiyali in Dana village: family, friendship, neighborhood, religion, cricket ground, education and market. This analysis showed that although Mankiyali language has been transmitted to the next generations but this language group was reportedly in contact situation in all the existing domains. This analysis also explored causes of maintenance and shift of Mankiyali language emerged from the qualitative data. The results have shown that it was mainly the geographic isolation, which maintained this language in this hilly village. However, with abolition of the rule of the Amb state and opening up of various possibilities Tarawara community have led to impending language shift. Quantitative part of the study tested nine hypotheses. First two hypotheses included relationship of the variables of the questionnaire. These variables were exploring language attitudes and the existing domains of this language. The next seven assumptions were comparing very crucial demographic variables such as gender, age, marriage pattern, bilingual and multilingual speakers, education, family systems, and mobility with variable of questionnaire. Most of the hypotheses were found statistically meaningful, moreover, all the assumptions were found in line with the existing literature and qualitative data.