طالب حسین کوثریؔ کی نعت گوئی
نعت عربی زبان کا لفظ ہے جس کے معنی تعریف یا وصف بیان کرنا کے ہیں اگرچہ عربی زبان میں اس مقصد کیلئے مدح کا لفظ استعمال کیا جاتا ہے۔مگر ادبی اصطلاح میں لفظ نعت نبی کریمﷺ کی مدح و تعریف کیلئے استعمال کیا جاتا ہے۔فارسی لغات میں نعت سے مراد نبی کریمﷺ کے اوصاف اور ثناء بیان کرنا کے ہیں۔اردو زبان کی ’’نور اللغات‘‘ میں لکھا ہے۔کہ یہ لفظ معنی مطلق وصف ہے۔اور اس کا استعمال نبی پاکﷺکی تعریف و ثناء کے بیان کے لیے وقف ہے۔اس لیے نعت کا لفظ عربی،فارسی،اردو،پنجابی اور دیگر زبانوں میں ایسے ہی معنوں میں استعمال ہوتا ہے اور وہ سارے اشعار اور نظمیں نعت کے گھیرے میں آ جاتی ہیں جن میں آپﷺ کے محاسن بیان ہوئے ہوں۔اس طرح نعت کا گھیرا وسیع سے وسیع تر ہوتا جاتا ہے۔چونکہ نعت کا محور آپﷺ کی ذات پاک ہے۔اس لیے آپﷺ کی ذات سے صفات تک،افکار سے اعمال تک غرض ذات مقدس کا کوئی ایسا پہلو نہیں جو لغت کا موضوع نہ بنا ہو۔اخلاق ،سیرت،معجزات، غزوات، خطبات، عبادات، معاملات، عادات ،تعلیمات سب کچھ نعت کے گھیرے میں آ گئے ہیں۔
نعت کا وجود عربی ادب میں آپﷺ کی مبارک زندگی سے ہی نظر آتا ہے۔بہت سارے صحابہ کرام نے آپﷺکی پاک زندگی کے ایک ایک پل کو شعر وادب میں محفوظ کیا ہے۔یہی صحابہ کرام کا ورثہ تھا اور یہی ہمارا قیمتی اثاثہ ہے۔یوں تو اردو ادب میں لا تعداد شعراء کرام نے نبی پاکﷺ سے عقیدت و محبت کے اظہار کیلئے نعت گوئی کی،مگر بہت کم شعراء کرام ایسے ہیں جن کی ادب میں پہچان نعت گوئی بنی ہو۔دور حاضر کے ممتاز نعت گو شعراء کرام میں ایک نام جناب طالب حسین کوثریؔ کا بھی ہے۔جنہوں نے اپنی نعت...
In the modern warfare, intelligence plays a pivotal role, and is, therefore, considered an essential part of defense strategy in all countries. In the Islamic defense system, intelligence has been an important tool right from the days of the Holy Prophet (ﷺ). This paper aims at explaining the importance of intelligence for the defense of an Islamic State according to the teachings of Islam. The word intelligence in this paper has been used in the military sense. The scope of this paper is limited to the Holy Quran, Hadith and prominent events of the Hijrah, battles of Badr, Uhud, Trench and consequent of Makkah. Intelligence is considered the most important tool of war in modern times. No army can fight without it. Getting information about enemy’s plans, assets and movement (ops intelligence) and safeguarding own information; morale and loyalty of the troops (counter intelligence) are its two main aspects. An overview of the Holy Quran, Hadith and life of the Holy Prophet (ﷺ) reveals that both there aspects of intelligence have been given due importance in Islam.
In current research work, locally grown citrus wastes (peel and bagasse) were characterized through compositional analysis followed by preparation of citrus waste enriched fruit leather. After that, biokinetic trial was carried out to evaluate the prophylatic potential of citrus waste with special reference to hypercholesterolemia and hyperglycemia on Sprague Dawley rats. In this context, chemical analysis proved that citrus peel is an excellent source of inorganic matter. Regarding the phytochemical profiling, citrus peel as well as bagasse showed highest activity in methanol extract followed by ethanol and water. On the other hand grapefruit peel and bagasse proved to have maximum polyphenols followed by oranges and musami. The methanolic extract of grapefruit peel showed maximum values of TPC 206.53±6.82 mg GAE/ 100 g, Flavonoids 83.06±2.74 mg QE/100 g, DPPH 62.80±2.07%, antioxidant activity 58.13±1.92%, ABTS 10.35±0.34 µmole TE/g, iron chelation 18.54±0.61%, superoxide anion 34.62±1.14% and hydrogen peroxide 55.90±1.84%. The same trend was observed in the methanolic extract of grapefruit bagasse. Furthermore, the bioactive entities, hesperidin and nobiletin quantified through HPLC showed maximum hesperidin in methanolic extract of grapefruit peel and bagasse i.e. 28.51 and 7.40 mg/g in peel and bagasse respectively. Similarly, the nobiletin was maximum 9.92 mg/g in methanolic extract of grapefruit peel and 2.78 mg/g in methanolic extract of grapefruit bagasse. On the basis of in vitro analyses and HPLC quantification methanolic extract of grapefruit peel and bagasse were selected for the preparation of citrus enriched fruit leather that was further used in bio-efficacy trail. Accordingly two types of fruit leathers were prepared using methanolic extract of citrus peel and bagasse @ 5% against control. The prepared fruit leather was assessed for physico-chemical analysis, antioxidant activity and sensory evaluation on monthly basis during storage of four months. During storage interval pH, acidity, TPC and DPPH changed significantly however, all other parameters changed non-momentously. The hedonic response of citrus enriched fruit leather showed that the best results were obtained by T1 (fruit leather with 5% grapefruit peel extract) followed by T2 (fruit leather with 5% grapefruit bagasse extract) and T0 (control fruit leather). After that, the valuation of hesperidin was evaluated by the biokinetic trial of experimental rat modeling. The biokinetic study was comprised of three studies i.e. normal study (study 1) fed on chow diet, hypercholesterolemic study (study II) fed on chow diet with 1.5% cholesterol and hyperglycemic study (study III) feeding on chow diet with 40% sucrose. All the studies were further divided into three groups categorized on the basis of diet. 1st group fed on control fruit leather, 2nd on fruit leather prepared with 5% grapefruit peel extract and 3rd on fruit leather prepared with 5% grapefruit bagasse extract. During the 60 days efficacy trials, the feed intake & drink intakes along with body weight changed significantly. Moreover, in hypercholesterolemic study (study II) the cholesterol level decreased momentously as 14.42% and 10.65% by grapefruit peel extract (T1) and grapefruit bagasse extract enriched fruit leather (T2). Likewise, the LDL level was 60.62±2.24 mg/dL in control group that reduced to 51.93±1.92 in T1 and 54.05±2.00 mg/dL in T2. Moreover, the grapefruit waste impart non-significant effect on HDL however, triglycerides level decreased 11.34% by T1 and 10.40% by T2. The same trend was observed in hyperglycemic study (study III) in which glucose level decreased from 141.53±4.95 to 116.90±4.09 mg/dL by grapefruit peel extract enriched fruit leather and 128.52±4.15 mg/dL by grapefruit bagasse extract enriched fruit leather. Similarly, the insulin level increased 10.32 and 5.07% in T1 and T2. The liver functioning tests as AST, ALT & ALP and kidney functioning tests (urea and creatinine levels) remained non-significant in all the studies by the supplementation of both fruit leathers. Moreover, neither grapefruit peel extract enriched fruit leather nor grapefruit bagasse enriched fruit leather impart any harmful effect on the biochemistry of blood as proved by the hematological analyses. Conclusively, it is stated that citrus wastes based fruit leathers are effectual to mitigate health related disorders.