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Genetic Mapping of Candidates of Hereditary Usher Syndrome Genes in Pakistani Families

Thesis Info

Author

Samrana Raza

Department

Deptt. of Biological Sciences, QAU.

Program

Mphil

Institute

Quaid-i-Azam University

Institute Type

Public

City

Islamabad

Province

Islamabad

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2005

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Page

xii,77

Subject

Biological Sciences

Language

English

Other

Call No: DISS/M.Phil BIO/1417

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2023-02-19 12:33:56

ARI ID

1676718469701

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میاں ایم اسلم

ایم اسلم
برعظیم پاک وہند کے مشہور ناول نگار اورافسانہ نویس میاں ایم اسلم مورخہ ۲۳/ نومبر ۱۹۸۳ء کو۹۸ سال کی عمر میں لاہور میں انتقال کرگئے۔پاکستان ٹیلی ویژن کے ایک پروگرام میں ان کے دیرینہ ساتھی اور ان کی تصانیف کے ناشر خواجہ بدرالاسلام فروغی نے مرحوم کے والد میاں نظام الدین کے ایک رجسٹر کے حوالے سے ان کی تاریخ ولادت۶/اگست ۱۸۸۵ء بتائی ہے۔
میاں ایم اسلم لاہور کے ایک رئیس گھرانے کے فرد تھے۔ان کے والد میاں نظام الدین لاہور کی کشمیری برداری کے سربراہ اوروسیع جائدادکے مالک تھے۔میاں ایم اسلم نے زراعتی کالج لائل پور(حال زرعی یونیورسٹی فیصل آباد) میں تعلیم حاصل کی اورمحکمہ انہار میں ضلع دار کی حیثیت سے ملازمت کاآغاز کیا۔یہ ملازمت انھیں راس نہ آئی اس لیے استعفی دے کر لکھنے پڑھنے میں مشغول ہوگئے۔میاں صاحب اپنے والد کے اکلوتے فرزند تھے اس لیے گھر میں روپے پیسے کی کمی نہ تھی۔
انھوں نے اپنی زندگی میں ڈھائی صد کے لگ بھگ ناول اور سیکڑوں افسانے لکھے۔مرحوم اپنے احباب سے کہا کرتے تھے کہ انھوں نے ایک لاکھ سے زائد صفحات لکھے ہیں۔
برعظیم پاک وہند کے تمام اہل علم کے ساتھ ان کے دوستانہ مراسم تھے۔ جس کے ساتھ ایک بارتعلق پیداہوگیا اسے مرحوم نے تازیست نبھایا۔ایک افسانہ نگار اور ناول نویس ہونے کے باوجود ان کی زندگی بڑی پاکیزہ تھی۔ہفتہ وارچھٹی کے دن ان کے احباب علی الصبح ان کے ہاں پہنچ جاتے اور اکھٹے بیٹھ کر ناشتہ کرتے۔احباب کی یہ محفل دوپہر تک جاری رہتی۔راقم الحروف بھی اس محفل کاایک باقاعدہ رکن تھا۔
میاں ایم اسلم لاہور کی ایک پرانی تہذیب اورروایات کے صحیح نمائندے تھے۔انھوں نے اپنے ناولوں میں اسلامی تہذیب کے خدوخال نمایاں کرنے کی بھرپور کوشش کی ہے۔عبدالماجد دریابادی فرماتے تھے کہ ایم اسلم نے ناول کو عبادت بنادیاہے۔
میاں صاحب نے دوشادیاں...

A Proposed Islamic Microfinance Impact Assessment Methodology

Impact assessment of microfinance programs have been remained the foremost concern of microfinance stakeholders for optimal policy measures. The existing literature regarding the impact assessment varies from parametric to experimental methods to evaluate the performance of microfinance programs across the world however; the literature is lacking a single measure to reveal maximum possible changes in socioeconomic variables resulting from microfinance institutions’ intervention. This study aims to develop a composite index for evaluating the performance of microfinance programs in multi-dimensional contexts. The study exposes a set of eight “diverse indicators” to evaluate the performance of a microfinance program on a wider socioeconomic scale. The dimensions of the index are consist of economic (Income, saving) and socioeconomic (poverty, access to basic facilities, family empowerment) indicators. The changes in deprivations of household, based on the selected indicators, reveal the intensity of success of a microfinance program towards their goals. Finally, we have developed an index by the interaction of incidence and intensity of socioeconomic deprivations. The index is named as “Multidimensional Microfinance Deprivation Index”. This is an index developed in the same line as multidimensional poverty index. The implications of this study are three folds; firstly, it will open up a new dimension of literature in the field of microfinance including Islamic microfinance by instigating an important area. Secondly, it may provide a better alternative to microfinance’s stakeholders to investigate the impact assessment of microfinance programs on a wider socioeconomic scale rather than a few economic. Last but not the least, the study integrates diverse socioeconomic indicators, after assigning weights and adjustment to portray an overall picture of the performance of microfinance in terms of uplifting the socioeconomic conditions of the poor and financially marginalized people.

Microbial Production of Glucose Oxidase and its Commercial Applications

Glucose oxidase (EC 1.1.3.4) is an important enzyme that oxidizes glucose to gluconic acid. It is present in all aerobic organisms and has become a very useful enzyme for its wide applications especially in food industry and in clinical analysis. The most important application for GOX is the determination of glucose using biosensor technology. GOX belongs to a large group of enzymes oxido reductase and is also called as glucose aerodehydrogenase Glucose oxidase was produced from different microorganisms. Both fungi and bacteria produce glucose oxidase during fermentation. The present project was planned for the optimum production of glucose oxidase by Aspergillus niger and its utilization for estimation of glucose and for the production of calcium, gluconate, gluconic acid and its derivatives. The project was divided into two parts, in the first part production of glucose oxidase from Aspergillus niger was investigated and the second part consists of commercial applications of glucose oxidase. Here the aim was to improve GOX production using mutagenesis of A. niger, to optimize the conditions of fermentation, screen fungal strains producing highest GOX activity, and to medium composition. Mutagenesis was carried out on several strains at different time intervals. GOX enzyme purified by (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 precipitation technique was dialysed and subjected to gel filtration chromatography. The enzyme was found to be intracellular. Five strains of A. niger isolated from grapes, bread, potato, pickle and sugar beet sources were screened for maximum GOX production. It is clear from our results that the A. niger strain isolated from potato was best for GOX production. This strain showed the maximum enzyme activity in medium containing 10% (w/v) glucose and at pH 5.5. Different conditions like the fermentation period, varying concentrations of urea, MgSO 4 .7H 2 O, CaCO 3 and KH 2 PO 4 were optimized by conducting different experiments. The maximum activity of glucose oxidase was recorded after 48 hours of continuous shaking fermentation of optimum growth medium containing 3.5% (w/v) CaCO 3 , 0.2% (w/v) Urea, 0.4% (w/v) KH 2 PO 4 and 0.01% (w/v) MgSO 4 .7H 2 O. It was observed that addition of Urea, CaCO 3 , and KH 2 PO 4 in the medium enhanced the GOX production whereas addition of MgSO 4 .7H 2 O decreased the GOX production. The GOX was found PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.comto be quite active upto 60 o C with optimum temperature at 30 o C. The batch fermentation volume of 50 ml at 100 rpm speed shaker was found to be the optimum for GOX production. Among mutant, it was found that mutant (9) had maximum activity and growth. The UV induced mutation gave a stable and viable culture for hyper production of GOX as the production was enhanced. Then the enzyme was purified by (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 precipitation technique, Dialysis and Gel filtration chromatography. It was observed that enzyme activity was increased by increasing (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 concentration. Enzyme activity also increased by Dialysis and Gel filtration chromatography from 11.90 to 37.24 μ/ml. Purification was 11.55 folds than simple precipitation at this final step. In the second part of project two commercial applications of GOX were investigated i.e. estimation of glucose by standardization of conditions using GOX and the production of calcium gluconate, gluconic acid and its derivatives using GOX. In the first application the three enzymes GOX, mutarotase (EC # 5.1.3.3) and peroxidase (EC # 1.11.1.) were produced, extracted and purified for the preparation and optimization of glucose estimation kit. The enzyme concentrations of 5 μL mutarotase, 15 μL glucose oxidase and 10 μL of peroxidase with chromagen Guaiacol added before peroxidase, proved to be best for estimations of glucose in blood samples. The sensitivity of the best kit was as low as 50 mg/dL glucose. The wavelength of 470 nm was best for the test. The results were comparable with standard kit of Medisense Abbott (UK). In the second application, calcium gluconate and gluconic acid and its derivatives were produced by glucose oxidase from Aspergillus niger. The time course during fermentation showed that the calcium gluconate production was maximum at 48 hours after conidial inoculation. The cultural conditions optimized for maximum calcium gluconate production were, glucose concentration 10% (w/v), pH 5.5, 7% (w/v) CaCO 3 , 0.2% (w/v) urea 0.15% (w/v) KH 2 PO 4 concentration at 35 o C. Different nitrogen, phosphate and metal carbonate sources were also optimized. The present study also described the production of gluconic acid and its derivatives on the laboratory scale. Gluconic acid and its metal salts such as sodium, magnesium, copper and nickel gluconates were synthesized from calcium gluconate which was produced by fermentation. The gluconic acid was released by the action of oxalic acid and sulphuric acid on calcium gluconate. Sulphuric acid gave better yields i.e. (90%) as compared to oxalic acid (80%). So the organic acid was obtained by PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.comH 2 SO 4 in the present work because it was cheap and readily available in local market. Metal gluconates were also produced by both the double decomposition and gluconic acid methods respectively. It is clear from the study that the gluconic acid method gave greater yields compared to the double decomposition method. This project will help in the commercial production of products using GOX in Pakistan.