استنباط احکام میں حضرت عائشہ کا منہج قرآن کریم کی روشنی میں

In this article an effort has been made to describe Hazrat ‘฀ishah (R. A) ’s methodology of derivation of Ahk฀m from Holy Quran. Holy Quran and Sunnah of Holy Prophet (S. A. W) is basic source of Islamic Shar฀‘ah. Hazrat ‘฀ishah Sidd฀qah (R. A) was the wife of the Holy Prophet (S. A. W), and the daughter of Hazrat Ab฀ Bakr (R. A). She spent her time in learning and acquiring knowledge of the two most important sources of Islam, the Qur'an and the Sunnah of His Prophet (S. A. W). Hazrat ‘฀ishah (R. A) narrated 2210 Ah฀d฀th out of which 174 Ah฀d฀th are commonly agreed upon by Bukh฀ri and Muslim. She was an ardent and zealous student of Islamic jurisprudence. She has not only described Ah฀d฀th and reported her observations of events, but interpreted them for derivation of Ahk฀m. Umm Al-Mu’min฀n Hazrat ‘฀ishah (R. A) is a great scholar and interpreter of Islam, providing guidance to even the greatest of the Companions (R. A) of the Holy Prophet Muhammad (S. A. W). She has not only described Ah฀d฀th and reported her observations of events, but interpreted them for derivation of Ahk฀m. Whenever necessary, she corrected the views of the greatest of the Companions of the Holy Prophet (S. A. W). It is thus recognized, from the earliest times in Islam, that about one-fourth of Islamic Shar฀‘ah is based on reports and interpretations that have come from Hazrat ‘฀ishah (R. A). As a teacher she had a clear and persuasive manner of speech. Hazrat ‘฀ishah (R. A) is a role model for women. She taught Islam many people. She was an authority on many matters of Islamic Law, especially those concerning women.

Stochastic Models for Population of Pakistan

TITLE: Stochastic Models for Population of Pakistan PAGES: 182 STUDENT: Muhammad Zakria SUPERVISOR: Professor Dr. Faqir Muhammad UNIVERSITY: Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, Pakistan YEAR: 2005-2009 SUBJECT: Statistics DEGREE: Ph.D Population of Pakistan is projected by scientists, bureaus and countries using different methodologies. In this study, population projections, its age-sex distribution vision 2030 and inequality of the recorded and projected age-sex distribution is projected by different methods. Moreover, the reproductive cohort measure and fertility trends of the population during the last 20 years are measured. The said goals are achieved by using the population censuses data. First of all, the quality of all censuses data is checked and found to be very poor especially of 1972 census. Different popular smoothing techniques are used to smooth the census data and strong smoothed data is used for further analysis. A time series model i.e. ARIMA (1, 2, 0) W was found to be a parsimonious model and population is projected for the next 20 years. It would be approximately 230.68 million in 2027 along with 95% confidence limits 193.33 million and 275.25 million. The age sex distribution as well as iv the total population is also projected by using the Modified Markov chain method for 40 years ahead since 1981. The Projections by the Time series models and the Modified Markov chain method are more close to the projections of four internationally known bureaus i.e. (WPP 2008; People Facts and Figures & Total Population by Country 2009) and greater than (NIPS 2006; IDB 2008). Gini coefficients of the projected age sex distribution indicated the medium level of concentration during the next 20 years. Approximately 43.74%, 47.27% and 45.46% decrease in TFR has been seen in rural areas, urban areas and in Pakistan respectively during 1984-2005. Different polynomial models are studied and third degree polynomial model is recommended to fit on the age specific fertility rates of Pakistan and its rural urban regions.