قیام امن کے لئے حضرت عمر فاروق ؓکی خدمات

Peace has great importance both for the individual and the communal life. Wherever peace turned into unrest, the tendencies of social violence, mental sickness and insecurity start developing amongst the people. Peace and harmony were the hallmark of the reign of the 2nd caliph, Haḍrat ‘Umar. He gave the best governing mechanism to the people of Arab, when they were not fully aware of rules & regulation of government. Though the empire was wide spread, he exercised a great sort of command & control on it. He took the responsibility of providing his subjects their basic needs: Food, Shelter, Education, Peace and Justice. This was not only an ideal system of its time but became the role model for the modern welfare state. Peace and harmony is as important for a state as food & air are for life. Allāh has strongly emphasized in The Holy Qur’ān" on two things i. E., "Disharmony & hunger" which should be eliminated from a society. Haḍrat ‘Umer during his reign of 10 years presented Islām as a religion of peace & harmony, a religion, which respects humanity, peacefully resolves disagreements and curtails misuse of power. He himself possessed the qualities of peace & harmony to an utmost level, which were the traits of our Holy Prophet’s (ﷺ) personality. It is important to follow the Khilāphah of Haḍrat ‘Umar to bring peace & justice in the society.

Policy, Procedures and Head Teachers Leadership Approaches for Teacher Motivation

Motivation is a key element to enhance the performance of employees in any profession. Similarly, teacher motivation is vital for the improvement in the performance of a school. Literature as well as my experiential data suggests that policies and procedures of head teacher affect teachers’ motivation in a school; which in turn, affects the performance of the teachers. Hence, to understand the phenomenon of teacher motivation through institutional policies, procedures, and leadership approaches, a qualitative approach was employed using phenomenology as the study design in two schools of a private system in Karachi. The tools used for data collection were in-depth semi structured interviews, focus group discussions and document analysis. The research participants were one head teacher, a section head and five teachers from each of the two schools. The findings of the study suggest that teacher motivation affects the performance of teachers in a positive way, which can be ensured through policies and by employing various leadership approaches. Research participants believed that teacher motivation is important in the enhancement of the overall performance of teachers and that can be brought about by catering to individual needs of the teachers. There are several factors, which influence motivation in different ways such as; relationship with colleagues and management, work environment, professional development, culture of fairness, work place with equal opportunities and different incentives. Thus, it is important to consider policy, procedures, and leadership approaches in motivating teachers. In addition to that, it is also very important to understand that the impartial attitude of principal during the implementation of policies and procedures can significantly affect motivation of teachers in a positive way. Hence, it can be stated that, a democratic and transformational leader builds a positive relationship among staff and creates a healthy working environment for teacher motivation.