Performance of Banking Industry After Privatization in Pakistan: A Case Study of Mcb Bank Limited

This research work aims to investigate the impact of privatization on the performing efficiency of MCB Bank Limited Privatization and the phenomenon of denationalization after the failure of socialism and communism globally. As the direction of enteritis was predetermined by state which in long term affected the performance of state-owned entities on many fronts even they reached at the verge of collapse and state was compelled to inject capital for their survival. Ultimately the state took drastic steps and initiated the process of denationalization and privatization to keep the industry intact in the changed scenario. In 1974, during Z.A. Bhutto regime Pakistan’s banking industry was nationalized with prime objective to address the issues of backward segments of economy but unfortunately after privatization industry was used for political motives and witnessed poor performance and financial indiscipline due to frequent interference in the affairs of banks particularly in lending activities and hiring of inefficient human resources. Resultantly banks failed to deliver as per expectation of masses and could not deliver quality customer services on one hand and accumulation of infected portfolio on the other which in turn swallowed the profitability and the capital of banks. It is revealed that bank has tremendously performed in all Key Performing Indicators, it has improved its profitability manifold, deposit base is significantly enhanced and became more liquid and solvent.

Study About Epidemiology, Chemotherapy and Pathogensis of B-Hemolytic Streptococci from Karachi Pakistan

S. pyogenes or Group A streptococci (GAS) is a notorious and significant human pathogen. S. pyogenes infections broadly range from superficial skin infections, and noninvasive infections (pharyngitis, scarlet fever) to life threatening invasive infections like streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (STSS) and necrotizing fasciitis (NF). Such infections are often followed by post-streptococcal sequelae, including rheumatic heart disease and acute glomerulonephritis. Among other beta hemolytic streptococcal groups, group D streptococci (GDS) are the frequent cause of hospital-acquired urinary tract infections and bacteremia. S. agalactiae or GBS is a leading cause of infections among pregnant women and neonates, whereas Group C and G streptococci are recognized as the emerging pathogens. S. pyogenes possess a number of cell associated (M protein, F protein, hyaluronic acid, lipoteichoic acid) and secreted virulence factors including streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins (Spe), Streptolysin S and O, C5a peptidase, DNase and streptococcal inhibitor of complement responsible for the variety of infections. Particularly, M protein and Spe, exhibiting superantigenic activity (SAg) are considered as the major virulence factors of S. pyogenes. M protein, encoded by emm gene serves an important surveillance tool to monitor GAS diversity, epidemiology, disease patterns, dynamics of transmission and formulation of indigenous vaccine. SAgs are low molecular weight, highly potent extracellular products, usually associated with severity of infections. However, to our knowledge no data is available from Pakistan regarding the prevalent emm types and SAgs genes distribution. Therefore, this study was designed to monitor the prevalence and epidemiology of β-hemolytic streptococci, antibiotic resistance pattern, molecular mechanism of drug resistance, emm genotypes and superantigens profile in Pakistan. Hence this would be the first comprehensive report about GAS epidemiology, chemotherapy and pathogenesis from Pakistan. This study would further help us in understanding the possible links among invasive and noninvasive streptococcal diseases with emm types and superantigens.