انسانی حقوق کی تنظیمیں اور این جی اوزحدود وقصاص قوانین کی تنفیذ میں رکاوٹ ہیں ۔ ان تنظیموں کے نزدیک یہ قوانین انسانی حقوق کی خلاف ورزی ہیں۔ چوری اور حرابہ کے مقدمات کے فیصلوں کے نتیجے میں ہاتھ پاؤں کاٹنا اور کسی انسانی جان کو قصاصاً ختم کرنا انسانی حقوق کے خلاف تصور ہونے لگا ہے ۔ لہذا اس طرح کے حالات کے تناظر میں قوانین حدودوقصاص پر عمل درآمد مشکل ہوگیا ہے۔
Sabab al-Nuzūl (cause of revelation) in Qur'anic studies means the time, context, cause, and the situation in which Allah has revealed verses. Cause of revelation has an important role in the interpretation of Qur’ān. Nevertheless, most of the verses and suras of Qur’ān are revealed independent of events, these verses are revealed to fulfill the general aim of Waḥī which is the guidance of people. Such knowledge is an invaluable tool for grasping the meaning of this type of Qur’ānic verse. Many Muslim scholars consider the studying of Asbāb alNuzūl and their related discussions as necessary. Some exegetes have written books studying the subject. The earliest and the most important work in this genre is undoubtedly Kitab Asbāb al-Nuzūl (Book of Occasions of Revelation) of ‘Alī bin Aḥmad al-Wāḥidī (d. 1075 CE). Another important work is by al-Suyūṭī (d. 1505 CE) which is a slight improvement of al-Wāḥidī’s book. In this paper descriptive method and comparative study are used to analysis traditions of revelation and their effects on Tafsīr literature. This paper proves the value of the causes of revelation in Qur’ānic Interptation and their effects on Tafsīr Literature, so that verification and authencity of traditions of causes of revelation are mandatory for Tafsīr.
The contemporary educational theory holds that one of the pivotal causes of inadequate school performance is the inability of schools to adequately staff classrooms with qualified teachers. The contemporary theory also holds that these staffing problems are primarily due to shortages of teachers, which, in turn, are primarily due to the high rate of teacher turnover. This study set out to understand the effects of teacher turnover on a private secondary school in Pakistan that experiences chronic teacher turnover. The objective was to understand the impacts of teacher turnover on the school's working climate and ability to function effectively. Furthermore, I wanted to examine and understand the effects of the teacher turnover on students' learning and home-school relationships. The study sample was a representative of all the key stakeholders of the school including the principal, three teachers, two students, and a parent member. It was a case study conducted in the qualitative paradigm by using in-depth interviews and document analysis for data collection. From analysis of the data, six major themes emerge: First, the recruitment and retention of teachers is a challenge for the school. Second, it negatively affects the relationship between school, parents, and community. Third, it hinders the professional development of the teachers and instructional quality. Fourth, it creates obstacles for teamwork in the school. Fifth, it causes disruption in the continuity of curricula. Finally, it negatively impacts the social and academic development of the students. In addition to these key findings, some implications and recommendations have been drawn from the study. These may assist one in understanding and solving the problem of teacher turnover.