Introduction
In the Indo-Pak sub-continent, Sindh is the first of the zones where the advent of Islām was the earliest. Historically, the scholars here did a great work of intellect and research. In the year 270 A. H/883A. D, due to internal disturbance, so many small states came into being. [1]
Out of these, the state of Manṣūrah was taken over by the Ḥubārī tribe. Muslim ruler ‘Abdallāh bin ‘Umar Ḥubārī of Manṣūrah had sent a scholar to Hindū Rājāh of Alvar on his request who presented the translation of the Qur’ān in his court. This incident narrated by the famous historian Buzurg Bin Shehr Yār has also been endorsed by renowned historians of the sub-continent. [2]But nothing with certainty can be said about the symmetrical order and the dictation of this translation, however, it is certain that the honor of translating the Qur’ān the first of all lies with Sindh. [3]
In the era of Arghaun and Tarkhān, Makhdūm Nūḥ Hālāe’ (d:998 A. H/1589A. D) properly translated the Qur’ān in Persian which has become available in secured form despite the varying times. [4]
This translation, with the efforts and research of ‘Allāma Muṣṭafā Qāsmī (d:1424A. H/2003A. D) has been published by Sindh Literary Board Ḥyderābād. This translation was compiled even earlier than the translation of famous researcher Shāh Walī Allāh(d:1176A. H/1762A. D). In this regard, we are justified to opine that in the sub-continent the honor of the first translation in the Persian language also goes to Sindh. In that period, a movement among the Sindhī Scholars emerged that the Islamic literature and art be documented in the mother tongue Sindhī so that a...
Almighty Allah commanded preserving the dignity of health and wealth of every Muslim. Islam too, emphasises protection of these very elements and guarantees protection of minority's rights in Muslim societies. This prohibits any one, who grabs the property of any other. Injunction of Holy Quran and hadith in this matter are very much clear, which are described in the following lines. The sacred shariah also issued severe punishment to siphon off the waye for these crimes against human dignity by maintaining fool proof surveillance at the doors of all such vulnerabilities. Even the Holy prophet, in his last surmon warned in these words: "Beware! Maintaining the dignity of your blood, property and respect is as important for you as the dignity of this month, this sity and this day (9th zilhaj). In the following discussion all these injunctions of Holy Quran and Hadith would be analyzed.
Aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) are globally important crop pests and vectors of viral disease, but their identification is generally difficult because of their small size and inconspicuous morphological differences. Sequence variation in the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I (COI-5ʹ) gene (DNA barcode) has proven effective for the identification of species in many groups of insect pests and also in aphids. In this research, 728 aphids were collected from various plant hosts in north-central Pakistan, and identified and analyzed at COI barcode. Three species (Periphyllus lyropictus, Aphis nasturtii and Aphis astragalina) were reported for the first time in Pakistan. The Barcode Index Number (BIN) system assigned the 728 sequences to 52 BINs, while the Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery detected 51 partitions, a count that coincided with the number of monophyletic lineages recognized by Neighbor-Joining analysis and Bayesian inference. Congeneric species showed an average of 7.26% sequence divergence (range = 0.2-10.32%) at COI, while intraspecific distances averaged 0.13 (ranged from 0-3.19%). BIN analysis suggested that specimens with intraspecific divergence >3.0% actually involved a species complex. In fact, sequences for three major pest species (Aphis gossypii, Sitobion avenae and Aphis craccivora) showed deep intraspecific divergences, providing evidence that each was a cryptic species complex. The study compiled the first barcode reference library for the aphids of Pakistan, and examined global haplotype diversity in six important Luteovirus vector aphid species. This study also examined the aphid-Luteovirus association considering the carrot mottle disease (CMD) which is caused by co-infection of Carrot red leaf virus (CtRLV), Carrot mottle virus (CMoV) and Carrot red leaf virus RNA (CtRLVaRNA), and transmitted by aphid, Cavariella aegopodii in a persistent, non-propagative manner. Myzus persicae is an important vector of many plant viruses but its involvement in the spread of CMD has not been documented. The current study determined the involvement of M. persicae in the transmission of virus complex, responsible for CMD, by transmission studies. M. persicae were exposed to the CMD-infected plants of chervil and then transferred to disease-free plants (chervil, fennel, celery, carrot, cilantro and parsley) of the family Apiaceae. Healthy plants infested with the xiii viruliferous M. persicae developed typical CMD symptoms. The transmission of respective viruses was confirmed through RT-PCR by amplifying the target genes with CtRLV-, CMoV- and CtRLVaRNA-specific primers. Sequence comparisons of the amplified virus genes with those in the GenBank showed high sequence diversity in the three components of the disease complex causing CMD both in amino acids and nucleotides.