آہ! مولانا عمادی
حیدرآباد دکن کے اخبار البلاغ سے یہ معلوم کرکے سخت صدمہ ہوا کہ ہمارے قدیم دوست مولانا عبداﷲ العمادی نے حیدرآباد میں جہاں انھوں نے سکونت اختیار کرلی تھی، ۱۱؍ شوال ۱۳۶۶ھ کو داعی اجل کولبیک کہا، ان کی عمراس وقت ستر برس کے قریب ہوگی، مرحوم اردو، فارسی اور عربی کے مستند ادیب اور مورخ تھے اور تقریباً ہر علم و فن سے آشنا تھے۔
مر حوم کا وطن ضلع جونپور میں امرتھوا نام ایک موضع تھا، اورعمادالدین نام کے کسی بزرگ کے خاندان سے نسبی نسبت رکھتے تھے اور اسی تعلق سے اپنے کو عمادی لکھتے تھے، اصلی نام عبداﷲ تھا اور کبھی کبھی اخفائے نام کے لیے عبداﷲ کا فارسی ترجمہ ’’خدا بندہ‘‘ بھی لکھا ہے، جو سب سے پہلے نو مسلم تا تاری سلطان کا نام تھا، مگر شہرت عام عبداﷲ عمادی کے نام سے تھی۔
غالباً ابتدائی تعلیم کے بعد ہی یہ لکھنؤ آگئے تھے، اور مولانا عبدالعلی آسی مدراسی کے دامن تربیت میں پرورش پائی، مولانا عبدالعلی کا اصل وطن گو مدراس تھا، مگرجب سے تعلیم کے لیے لکھنؤ آئے یہیں کے ہوکے رہ گئے، یہیں فرنگی محل میں مولانا عبدالحئی صاحب فرنگی محل سے تعلیم پائی، ادب، شعر اور تاریخ گوئی میں ملکہ رکھتے تھے، اکثر کتابوں کے آخر میں جو ان کے مطبع میں چھپیں ان کی تاریخیں آپ کو مل سکتی ہیں، ان کی صحبت میں مولاناعمادی صاحب کو بھی زیادہ تر شعر و سخن اور ادب و تاریخ کا فائدہ پہنچا، مولانا عبدالعلی ایک زمانہ میں رامپور میں مدرس تھے، وہاں بھی وہ ان کے ساتھ رہے، پھر جب وہ لکھنؤ آئے، تووہ بھی ان کے ساتھ یہاں آئے اور یہیں ان کے مرغ شہرت نے پروبال پیدا کئے۔
مولانا آسی نے لکھنؤ محمود نگر کے محلہ میں سکونت اختیار کی اور اصح...
Monosodium Glutamate is the scientific name of Chinese salt, which also called Ajinomoto. Monosodium Glutamate was first discovered by the Japanese chemist Ikeda Kibunae in 1908. The MSG was firstly derived from seaweed. Later on MSG was got from meat, gluten, and vegetables etc. It can be derived from Najas ul ‘ain and Gher Najas ul ‘ain things. If it was got from Najas ul ‘ain, then there is a question about MSG that is it halal (permissible/ lawful) or haram (non-permissible/unlawful). This research in this article is concluded that if the culture of MSG is halal or the proper Istihalah has been done in Najas; MSG will be halal (permissible/ lawful). However, where no such details are available about the culture of MSG, it should be avoid, although it cannot be declared haram as per Islamic Jurisprudence rules.
Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) and Probe Beam Deflection (PBD) techniques are employed for the diagnosis of metallic plasmas. The dissertation consists of three parts. Part A deals with the ns-LIBS analysis of Mg and Zr metals. A Q-switched Nd: YAG laser (1064 nm, 10 nsec, 50-200 mJ) is employed as an irradiation source to generate the metallic plasmas under different background pressures of Ar ranging from 5 Torr to 50 Torr. LIBS2500 spectrometer system is used for the collection of emission spectra for ns-LIBS. In order to explore the spatial confinement effects on metallic plasmas, two techniques have been employed. One is introduction of Ar gas at different lower pressures (5, 10, 20 and 50 Torr), whereas, in the second confinement technique, a metallic blocker is introduced. All measurements are performed in the absence and presence of blocker placed at various distances of 6 mm, 8 mm and 10 mm from the target. In addition to restrict the plasma expansion, this later technique is also responsible for the enhancement of kinetic energy and density of plasma species through shockwaves reflection. The plasma parameters; electron temperature (Te) and electron number density (ne) have been evaluated using Boltzmann plot method and Stark broadened profile of isolated lines respectively. It is revealed from ns-LIBS analysis that for each material, there is an optimal combination of laser fluence, pressure of environmental gas and distance of blocker that gives the maximum value of Te and ne.In the case of Mg plasma, the optimal combination for the maximum Te of 12200 K is achieved at laser fluence of 18 Jcm-2 under Ar gas pressure of 20 Torr in the presence of blocker at a distance of 6 mm. However, the maximum ne of 4 × 1016 cm-3 is obtained at the laser fluence of 21 Jcm-2 under Ar environment of 50 Torr at same blocker distance. For Zr plasma, the maximum values of both Te i.e. 14940 K and ne i.e. 21 × 1017 cm-3 are achieved at the same fluence of 32 Jcm-2 under Ar pressure of 10 Torr at blocker distance of 6 mm. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) analysis has been performed to establish a correlation between plasma parameters and surface modifications of irradiated metals. It reveals the formation of ripples, channels and cavities and their appearance is more distinct for smaller values of Te and ne of Mg and Zr plasmas. Whereas, the maximum values of Te and ne lead to the growth of diffusive structures. In part B of dissertation, a correlation between the metallic plasma parameters evaluated by two different techniques i.e. LIBS as well as PBD technique is established. LIBS analysis and PBD techniques are performed only for nanosecond laser induced metallic plasmas at various fluences under a fixed Ar pressure of 760 Torr. PBD measurements are not recorded at lower Ar pressures, because lower pressures are not favorable for the generation of density gradients between plasma particles and background gas. The maximum values of peak number density of Mg and Zr calculated through PBD technique are 4.9 × 1019 cm-3 and 29 × 1020 cm-3 respectively. The electron number densities of Mg and Zr plasmas evaluated by both techniques revealing the same trends and therefore are supporting to each other. The part C of this dissertation addresses the fs-LIBS analysis of Mg and Zr plasmas. A Ti: Sapphire laser (800 nm, 35 fs, 0.05-0.8 mJ) beam is employed for the generation of metallic plasmas under vacuum as well as different background pressures of Ar ranging from 5 Torr to 50 Torr. USB4000 spectrometer system is used for the collection of emission spectra. The maximum Te of 12609 K and ne of 9.6 × 1017 cm-3 for Mg and Te of 14463 K and ne of 9.3× 1018 cm-3 for Zr plasma are obtained under the same Ar pressure of 50 Torr. Field emission-SEM analysis reveals that lower values of Te and ne are responsible for the formation of LIPSS, splashed nanocones, nanoglobules, nanocavities and nanorims for the ablation under vacuum. Whereas, micro-inhomogeneities, corrugations of the surface with the appearance of small cavities, cone formation and redeposited particles are observed in the presence of Ar environments. At higher values of Te and ne, the nano structures are transformed into micron sized cavities and craters under the vacuum condition and into micro-cones and pillars under Ar pressures. The comparison of nanosecond and femtosecond LIBS analyses reveals that the values of electron temperature are almost same for nanosecond and femtosecond LIBS, whereas, the electron number densities in the case of fs-LIBS are higher for both Mg and Zr metals. In the case of nsnosecond laser ablation, only microscale structures are revealed, whereas, with femtosecond laser ablation, fine and nanoscale structures are grown on the surfaces of both metals.