اسلم ملک (۱۹۳۱ء پ) سیالکوٹ کے محلہ دھارو وال میں پیدا ہوئے ۔(۱۰۴۱) نثر نگاری ان کی پہچان ہے لیکن اظہار کے لیے انھوں نے شاعری کا لطیف پیرایہ بھی استعمال کیا ہے۔ اسلم ملک نے بچوں کے ادب کو زیادہ اہمیت دی ہے۔ اس لیے ان کی شاعری کا بڑا حصہ بچوں کی شاعری پر محیط ہے۔اسلم ملک نے حمد سے نعت ،غزل نظم اور ہائیکو جیسی اصناف میں طبع آزمائی کی ہے۔ اسلم ملک کا شعری مجموعہ ’’خواب اور خوشبو‘‘شائع ہو چکاہے۔ تصوف اور عشقِ حقیقی اسلم ملک کی شاعری کا ایک بڑا موضوع ہے۔ اسلم ملک کے نزدیک صرف خدائے رحیم و کریم ،تعظیم ،عظمت اور تمہیدو ستائش کا حقدار ہے۔ لالہ و گل میں اس کی خوشبو ہے۔ اور سورج چاند ستاروں کی روشنی بھی اسی سے ہے کیونکہ وہ نور اور نور کا منبع ہے:
لالہ و گل میں جو خوشبو ہے فقط تری ہے
چاند ستاروں کی چمک میں بھی ہے فیضان تیرا
گیت تیرے ہی سناتے ہیں پرندے سارے
بزمِ قیمتی کا ہر اک فرد ثنا خواں تیرا
â۱۰۴۲)
> اﷲ تعالیٰ ہی کل کائنات کا خالق و مالک ہے۔ یہ ساری خلقت اس کا کنبہ ہے۔ وہ ساری مخلوقات کا پروردگار ہے۔ عرش و فرش اس کے جلال سے بھرپور اور معمور ہے۔ وہ بنی نوع انسان کے ہر درد کا درماں اور ہر مشکل میں عقدہ کشا ہے۔ اسلم ملک اپنی ایک حمدیہ نظم میں انھی خیالات کا اظہار اس طرح سے کرتے ہیں:
تو خالق و مالک ارض و سما
1سبحان اﷲ ، سبحان...
Ontemporary modern interest-bearing financial system, “economicsystem”, has become an integral part and the prevalent system reflects that in the modern progressive era of growth where other arts have seen progress than in the old days the modern interest bearing system has become a part of the financial development. Interest in the present era has being understood as a direction for financial growth and development of economy hence in some way or the other been tried to be enforced in to the Islamic world such that it becomes a need and no country can live without. And the objectives of this interest bearing system can meet their targets. In Muslim countries minds that do not have deep commitment with Islamic teaching have been convinced in a way that in the ancient days this level of interest was not needed as in the present era. So, on the interest of present day “riba” can’t be applied whose prohibition is proved by Islamic law. The impression that interest is the need of modern times in ancient times to modern times thislevel of interest is not required, nor was there any specifically organized circle like today concept the financial system may be of interest not only if favor of contemporary practice in the present, but also an extremely ancient system was out there and have some evidence of old banking practices. This article, with the vividness of ancient religions, has proved that “interest” in antiquity is as same as of today. The form of interest and its impacts aren’t get changed by the change in ancient or current business practices. Interest is interest, whether it is found in ancient religions or at theadvent of Islam or even after that in the modern day. It embodies the same “riba” whose prohibition is proved in the Islamic sharia.
DIMENSION AND COMPOSITION OF PLANT LIFE IN TEHSIL TAKHT-E- NASRATI, DISTRICT KARAK, KHYBER PAKHTUN KHAWA, PAKISTAN By Musharaf Khan The present study was designed to assess plant life structure and resources of Tehsil Takht-e-Nasrati, District Karak, Khyber Pakhtun Khawa, Pakistan with respect to local people and their livestock exercise since in the investigated area no such work was done before. The study revealed that investigated area had 161 plant species belonging to 136 genera and 57 families. There are 7 families of monocotyledons having 21 genera and 25 species. Dicotyledons had 50 families, 115 genera and 136 species. Overall Poaceae was the dominant family with 17 species followed by Asteraceae had 13 species. Phenological data showed that 94 plants were found in flowering condition in spring which included 19 (11.8%) tree, 11 (6.83%) shrubs, 61 (37.9%) herbs and 3 (1.86%) parasites. In summer, 28 plants including 1 (0.62%) tree, 3 (1.86%) shrubs, 21 (13%) herbs and 3 (1.86%) grasses. In winter, 27 plants including 2 (1.24%) trees, 5 (3.11%) shrubs, 17 (10.6%) herbs and 3 (1.86%) grasses while 12 plants had through out the year included 4 (2.48%) shrubs, 5 (3.11%) herbs and 3 (1.86%) grasses. The biological spectrum revealed that therophytes was dominated by 77 plants species (47.83%) followed by hemicryptophytes (30 spp., 18.63%), megaphanerophytes (17 spp., 10.6%), nanophanerophytes (16 spp., 9.94%), chamaephytes (11 spp., 6.83%), microphanerophytes (4 spp, 2.48 %), parasite (3 spp, 1.86%) and geophytes (03 spp., 1.86%). The leaf size spectrum dominated by microphylls (85 spp. 52.8%) followed by nanophylls (32 spp. 19.9%), mesophylls (17 spp. 10.6 %), leptophylls (15 spp. 9.32%) and megaphylls (12 spp. 7.45%). Through ethnobotanical profile it was reported that the locals used 118 (73.3%) species as folk medicinal plants, 114 (70.8 %) fodder species, 47 (26.7 %) fuel species, 16 (9.94 %) timber woods, 23 (14.3 %) vegetable species, 50 (31.06 %) veterinary use plants, 90 (55.9 %) honey bee species. The 33 (20.5 %) fruit plants species and 17 (10.6 %) species were used for making agricultural tools, 19 (11.8 %) species were used for fencing field borders and 18 (11.18%) were used for making furniture. It was a different ecological study of the investigated area. Quantitative and qualitative description of diverse plant communities at different altitude had provided some basic information about phytodiversity, plant life structure and climatic combination. The investigated area was divided on the basis of altitude i.e. stand 1 (340 – 399 m), stand 2 (400 - 499 m), stand 3 (500 - 599 m) and stand 4 (600-700 m). Community structures in diverse sites were taken into spring, summer and winter. In each season 22 plant communities were established at various sites on the basis of important value from each plant strata i.e. tree, shrub and herb. In spring aspect, 66 plant species, summer (46 spp.) and in winter 72 plant species were recorded in different plant communities. All plant communities showed heterogeneity in all seasons. With increasing altitude heterogeneity occurred in most of the communities. In plain and hilly area, the highest value was originated of class B i.e. 7.35 and 7.09 respectively. The highest value of species diversity (3.097) and equitability value (0.957) was found in spring while the highest value of species richness (5.752) was found in winter. Communities had high percentage of maturity index value in summer. In summer and winter total 12 plant communities showed similarity above 65% while winter show no similarity above 65% between communities. Hierarchical Cluster Analysis marked out distinct 4 groups association in spring i.e. Prosopis-Fagonia-Saccharum association, Zizyphus-Saccharum-Acacia association, Fagonia-Zizyphus-Eragrostis association, Aerua-Acacia-Cymbopogon association, in summer, 5 association i.e. Cenchrus- Saccharum-Prosopis association, Cenchrus-Eragrostis-Calligonum association, Zizyphus-Cenchrus-Eragrostis association, Rhazya-Fagonia-Cymbopogon association and Aerua-Boerhavia-Zizyphus association and in winter, 4 association i.e. Cenchrus-Saccharum-Prosopis association, Cenchrus-Zizyphus-Saccharum association, Cenchrus-Zizyphus-Cymbopogon association and Aerua-Zizyphus-Acacia association by different level, cycling and similarity of communities. The herb biomass was high 730 Kg.hec-1 during spring at stand 1 (340 – 399 m). The grass biomass was high 173 Kg.hec-1 during summer at stand 3 (400-499 m). The total herbs mean biomass was high during spring (536.30 Kg.hec-1) while the grasses had (129.9 Kg.hec-1) during summer. The total average herbaceous biomass was high at stand 1 (262.58 Kg.hec-1) and total mean and average biomass of research area was 223.23 Kg.hec-1. The overall average total shrub biomass was 741.58 Kg. hec-1. The total shrub biomass in different area was diverse from 13.47 Kg. hec-1 to 2665.12 Kg. hec-1. As a whole the shrub biomass was high in winter while low in summer. The people of area rely on animals for their livelihood. The major plants are grazed in the investigated area. Of the 161 recorded species, 29 species (18.01 %) were non palatable, 32 spp. (19.88 %) highly palatable, 43 spp. (26.71 %) mostly palatable, 34 spp. (21.12 %) less palatable and 23 spp. (14.29 %) were rarely palatable. 10 plant species were studied for phytochemical screening i.e. alkalid, carbohydrate, saponins, anthraquinone, flavonoid, steroids and tannins in three phenological stages. In mineral analysis 3 macro mineral such as sodium, potassium and calcium and 7 micro mineral like zinc, copper, manganese, chromium, nickel, cadmium and lead were analyzed in the 10 selected forage species in three phenological stages. Ten selected forage species were analyzed for proximate analysis like moisture, ash, fiber, carbohydrate, protein, fat and energy in three phenological stages. The conservation status of trees and shrubs on the basis of IUCN criteria showed that of the 45 plant species 20 (44.44 %) plant species were vulnerable, 16 (35.56 %) rare, 7 (15.56 %) endangered and 2 (4.44 %) plant species were infrequent. The current investigation highlighted that the area had great potential of plant life resources and biodiversity. It is concluded that natural habitats are crushing at dreadful speed which results in alteration of wild plant life habitat. It needs all achievable assessment for protection and sustainable exploitation of plant life.