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Earthquake Site Response Analysis of the Layered Soil Deposits at Shakardarra and Muzaffarabad

Thesis Info

Author

Sarfraz Khan

Department

Deptt. of Earth Sciences, QAU.

Program

Mphil

Institute

Quaid-i-Azam University

Institute Type

Public

City

Islamabad

Province

Islamabad

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2009

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Page

iv,62

Subject

Earth Sciences

Language

English

Other

Call No: DISS/M.Phil ES/1053

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2023-02-19 12:33:56

ARI ID

1676718534142

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سپ تے فقیر

سپ تے فقیر

کسے پنڈ وچ اک فقیر رہندا سی۔ بہت غریب سی، اوہدا تے اوہدے گھر والی دا گزارہ خیرات والیاں چیزاں اتے ای ہوندا سی۔ اک دن اوہناں کول کھاون لئی کجھ وی نئیں سی۔ ایس لئی اوہ سویرے سویرے ای بھیک منگن ٹر پیا۔ فقیر کول اک کپڑے دا تھیلہ سی جس وچ اوس نے اک لوٹا تے اک کجہ رکھیا ہویا سی۔ کجے وچ وی اوہ لوکاں ولوں ملیا سالن پاندا تے لوٹے وچ پانی پا کے ضرورت ویلے پیندا سی۔ ہتھ وچ اوہ ہمیشہ سوٹی رکھدا سی۔ رستے وچ جاندے ہویاں اوس نوں اک سپ نظر آیا۔ اوس نے بہت تیزی نال سپ نوں کجے وچ بند کیتا۔ اوس دا منہ کپڑے نال بند کر کے اپنی بیوی نوں دے دتا۔ اوس نوں یقین سی کہ جدوں اوہدی بیوی کجہ کھولے گی تاں سپ اوس نوں ڈنگ مارے گا تے انج اوہ مر جاوے گی۔ جدوں اوس دی بیوی نے کجے دا منہ کھولیا تاں اوس نوں اندروں اک بہت قیمتی ہار ملیا۔ ایہہ ویکھ کے دونویں بہت حیران ہوئے۔

ایس خوبصورت ہار دی شہرت جدوں شہزادی تائیں اپڑی تاں اوس نے ہار ویکھن دی خواہش دا اظہار کیتا۔ ہار ویکھ کے شہزادی نے اوہناں نوں منہ منگے پیسے دے کے ہار خرید لیا۔ شہزادی ہار خرید کے بہت خوش سی۔ اک دن اوس ہار اپنے میز اتے رکھیا تے آپ کسے کم محل توں باہر چلے گئی۔ واپس آئی تاں اوس نوں حیرت ہوئی کہ میز اتے ہار نئیں بلکہ اک سوہنا جیہا بال منہ وچ انگوٹھا پا کے ستا ہویا اے۔ پہلاں تاں شہزادی بہت ڈری۔ وزیر نے آکھیا کہ تہاڈا ہار جادو دا ہار سی۔ دراصل اوہ ایہو بچہ سی جس نوں ظالم جادوگر نے ہار بنا دتا سی۔ ہن ایہہ دوبارہ اپنی...

China Pakistan Economic Corridor: Challenges and Opportunities

Pak-China relations have been exemplary in the contemporary international politics. Both States have been maintaining strong ties in terms of diplomatic and military cooperation. However, the close economic cooperation has added a new dimension in the Pak-China all weather partnership. Over the years, China and Pakistan strategic cooperation has evolved at unprecedented level. In the year 2013, the Chinese President Xi Jinping proposed the construction of One Belt One Road (OBOR) that aims to connect China with West Asia, Central Asia, South Asia and Middle East. It is a bitter fact that, since 9/11 Pakistan has suffered in socio-political and especially in economic dimension. The regional security environment and rise of extremism and terrorism has resulted into the hampering economic development. Therefore, the CPEC project will prove to be game changer and when completed it will have deep impact on economic development of Pakistan in future. The CPEC provides an opportunity for Pakistan to stabilize its society and reshape its positive image at international level from fragile State to emerging economy in the South Asian region. The rise of China in economic sphere has been jealously seen by other developed countries while for Pakistan it has been a blessing factor. Thus, Pak- China strategic partnership entered into the new phase of economic cooperation that will certainly change the dynamics of the regional politics. This paper aims to discuss the multiple dimensions of CPEC its importance for Pakistan and China along with its internal and external challenges. Moreover, economic and security perspectives will be focused in detail. To fully understand the role of CPEC as driving force of economic prosperity, this paper discusses its potential as a game changer for both China and Pakistan. ___________

Comparative Efficacy of Single and Multi-Strain Bacterial Inculation for Improving Growth and Yield of Wheat under Salinity Stress

Soil salinity is one of the worst consequences of global climate change, which is declining the world agriculture production. Pakistan is more vulnerable to climate variability where increasing soil salinity and drought are alarming for agriculture produce. Researchers are devoting attention for the use of microbial strategies to improve plant tolerance against abiotic stresses under extreme environment because of their ecological benefits. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) induce salinity tolerance in plants with their multiple mechanisms. Despite the fact that bacterial inoculation improves the plant growth but their field application is limited due to inconsistency of results and some environmental constraints. However, efficiency of bacterial inocula for plant growth promotion may be increased under field conditions by employing bacterial consortia instead of using single strain inoculation. Therefore, present study was conducted to evaluate comparative effectiveness of single, dual and triple strain inoculation of salt tolerant PGPR for improving growth and yield of wheat under salt affected conditions. Twenty five rhizobacteria having 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase activity were isolated from wheat rhizosphere and were tested for their salt tolerance as well as plant growth promotion potential under gnotobiotic conditions. Out of 25 rhizobacterial isolates, 7 isolates were statistically significant for improving growth of wheat under saline conditions. These 7 salt tolerant PGPR were tested for their compatibility of growth and synergism with each other. Out of 7, only 3 isolate found synergistic and showed abilities to coexist. On the basis of rrs (16S rRNA) gene sequencing, these 3 PGPR were identified as Bacillus cereus strain Y5, Bacillus sp. Y14 and Bacillus subtilis strain Y16. Selected PGPR strains showed variable ACC-deaminase activity, P-solubilization, exopolysaccharides production, biofilm formation and auxins biosynthesis, when used alone as well as in their dual and multi-strain combination for different plant growth promoting activities under normal and salt stress conditions. Growth pouch experiment under axenic conditions was conducted to evaluate selected PGPR for inducing salinity tolerance in wheat as single and multi-strain inoculation. In growth pouch assay, multi-strain inoculation increased the total dry weight of wheat up to 28, 54, 59 and 56% at 0, 50, 100 and 150 mM of NaCl salinity levels, respectively, as compared to respective un-inoculated control at same level of salinity. Furthermore, pot and field experiments were conducted in salt affected soils to confirm the consistency of results for plant growth promotion by selected PGPR alone as well as in their possible combinations. In pot experiment, maximum increases in number of tillers were observed with multi-stain inoculation which were up to 54 and 80% more as compared to respective un-inoculated control at 10 and 15 dS m-1 salinity levels, respectively. Multi-strain inoculation also increased the grain yield by 18, 20, 42 and 62 at 1.42 (original), 5, 10 and 15 dS m-1 salinity levels, respectively, as compared to respective un-inoculated control. Further, single and multi-strain inoculations showed positive effect on all growth and physiological attributes of wheat under salt affected field conditions. However, the response of single, dual and triple strain inoculation treatments was highly variable at selected four sites. Maximum increases in grain yield of wheat at field-I, field-II, field-III and field-IV were up to 17, 17, 23 and 26%, respectively, over un-inoculated control by multi-strain inoculation of Y5*Y14*Y16. It might be concluded from this study that multi-strain inoculation with PGPR containing ACC-deaminase could be very promising option for inducing salinity tolerance in wheat, most probably due to better root growth in salinity stress which might be attributed to elimination of root inhibiting factor like production of stress induced ethylene.