A CORRELATIONAL STUDY BETWEEN VOCABULARY MASTERY AND READING COMPREHENSION AT ECONOMIC FACULTY OF ALKHAIRAAT UNIVERSITY

This research is a correlational study with two variables – variable X standing for vocabulary mastery and variable Y standing for reading comprehension. There were three research questions: (1) What is the level of correlation between variable X and variable Y; (2) How significant is the contribution that can be given by variable X toward variable Y; and (3) Is there positive correlation between variable X and variable Y? The sample of this research was fifty students of the first semester at Economic Faculty of Alkhairaat University. The instruments were tests and questionnaire. Through tests, it was found that: (1) The level of correlation between variable X and variable Y was strong; (2) The significant contribution given by variable X toward variable Y was 52.8%, meaning variable X gave much contribution to variable Y; and (3) There was positive correlation between variable X and variable Y since the value of r-counted (0.727) was higher than the value of r-table (0.279). Through questionnaire, 46% respondents agreed that vocabulary took a role in helping them to comprehend English texts, meaning the more vocabulary they have, the better they are in comprehending English texts.

Dynamical Analysis of Compact Objects in F R and F R, T Theories

The astrophysics and astronomical theories are invigorated largely by the gravitational evolution and instability range explorations of gravitating sources. Gravitational collapse is the fundamental phenomenon to account evolution within galaxies and assemble supergiant structures. This dissertation is based on the explorations regarding dynamical instability of gravitating sources in f(R) and f(R,T) theories of gravity. The considered modified gravitational theories provide dark energy substitutes constituting large negative pressure and thought to be responsible for the cosmic speed-up. The dynamical systems are studied by considering spherically and axially symmetric backgrounds with anisotropic matter distribution. The modified field equations and conservation equations for spherically symmetric dynamical system are constructed in f(R,T) gravity. The variations in gravitating system are estimated by implementation of first order perturbations on dynamical equations. Insertion of perturbed physical quantities derived from perturbed field equations in perturbed Bianchi identities leads to the evolution equation. The expression for adiabatic index is constructed from evolution equation to investigate the variation in pressure stresses with the given energy density. Moreover, terms lying in Newtonian and post Newtonian eras are identified to establish the corrections to weak field limit. We have also studied the dynamics of spherically symmetric anisotropic stars under the influence of shear-free condition. The modified field equations accompanying vanishing shear scalar are obtained. On establishment of evolution equation, it is observed that the flow variables are less constrained in shear-free case and so leads to a wider range of stability. The corrections to Newtonian and post Newtonian approximations are estimated as well. The dynamics of spherical stars evolving under expansion-free condition in f(R,T) gravity is explored by taking anisotropic matter configuration. The collapse equation is acquired from linearly perturbed dynamical equations. It is concluded that in zero-expansion case, the unequal stresses and density profile defines instability rage rather than the adiabatic index. However, the physical quantities are constrained to maintain positivity of energy density and stable stellar configuration. Motivating from the incidental deviations from spherical symmetry of gravitating objects, we study the dynamical instability of axially symmetric sources (avoiding reflection and rotation terms about symmetry axis). Furthermore, the evolution equation is settled for both the considered modified theories leading to the instability range of axially symmetric dynamical system in Newtonian and post Newtonian regimes.