حفیظؔ جالندھری
ابوالاثر حفیظ جالندھری اردو شاعری کے مرصع کار ستون بنے رہے، اپنے آغاز شباب میں مناجات تہجد لکھی تو خواجہ حسن نظامی نے اس کو شائع کرکے لکھا کہ اگر میں دولت مند ہوتا تو اس مناجات کے ہر شعر کے معاوضہ میں ایک اشرفی نذر کرتا، کچھ دنوں وہ مزدوروں اور کسانوں کی دلسوزی کا بھی راگ الاپتے رہے، ہندو، مسلمانوں کو پریت کا گیت بھی سنایا، ’’ہندوستان ہمارا‘‘ میں تاریخ ہند کو نظم کرکے بچوں کے دلوں میں مطالعہ تاریخ کا ذوق پیدا کرنے کی بھی کوشش کی، مناظر فطرت کی مصوری بھی کی، جوانی کے جذبات کی ہنگامہ آرائی میں وہ نظم لکھی، جس کا عنوان ہے ’’ابھی تو میں جوان ہوں‘‘ اور یہ اب بھی بہت مقبول ہے، رومانی گیت لکھنے میں بھی مہارت رکھتے تھے، یکایک ان کا ذوق بدلا تو اس ملی شاعری کی طرف چل پڑے جس کی جوت ظفر علی خان اور اقبال نے جگائی تھی۔
راقم کو علی گڑھ مسلم یونیورسٹی میں ۱۹۳۴ء میں ان کا کلام ان کی زبانی سننے کا اتفاق ہوا تھا، وہاں طلبہ کی یونین میں مدعو تھے، جو ان کی آمد پر اوپر سے نیچے تک بھرگیا تھا، وہ اس وقت تک شاہنامہ اسلام کے شاعر کی حیثیت سے مشہور ہوچکے تھے، طلبہ ان سے اردو شاعری کے فردوسی کی حیثیت سے مل رہے تھے، انھوں نے شاہنامہ اسلام کا کچھ ٹکڑا اپنے خاص ترنم میں سنایا، تو ایسا محسوس ہوا کہ وہ واقعی ابوالاثر ہیں، شاہنامہ کی پہلی جلد ہی شائع ہوسکی، جس میں جنگ بدر تک کے حالات ہیں، اس زمانہ میں اعلان ہوا تھا کہ اس کی دوسری جلد میں غزوات نبویؐ کی تفصیل ہوگی، پھر تیسری جلد میں خلفائے راشدینؓ اور اسلامی فتوحات کی باری آئے گی، اردو شاعری کے اس فردوسی کو ایک محمود کی...
Aim To explore the apparent lack of personal concern for the welfare of others in China? To develop concepts to understand this social phenomena in natural settings using ethnographic and participatory research. Research Question How can the knowledge derived from qualitative research be used to improve the welfare of the poor in Shanghai? Ethics The study was carried out within the guidelines of the declaration of Helsinki. The study was characterised by anonymity, beneficence, non maleficence, and the maintainence of the dignity of participants Method Collection of data. The principle data source was “observation” spot observation”(Baksh 1990)”, participant observation”(Hammersley and Atkinson 1983)vignettes(Finch 1987, Sani Bin Gabi 1990), oral history(narrative) Conclusion The study was conducted ethically. It was a worthwhile study attempted to deal with current problems. The publication of this paper can be used to stimulate further enquiry into the problem of those in need of social welfare in Shanghai and China, in the hope it will improve services where they are needed. Suggested solutions In a country where intergenerational family ties are so strong and “guanxi” exists it is paradoxical there is little empathy for others. Confuscian values, changed family beliefs, and education at school and university may assist in increasing empathy. Learnt conditioning, to ignore or dissociate, from another human being in need of help, can be slowly overcome by implementing universal and improved changes in societal living conditions. This can be achieved by improving social welfare programs, spearheaded by a compassionate government. There is a view that it is an egregious and transparent fiction, to promulgate and publically promote, the philosophies and policies of communism, yet allow these curable social ills to remain. ”Rex ipsa Loquiter”. The healthy should help the sick, the rich should help the poor and the employed should help the unemployed, Proportionately, in accordance with what they have they should give. The promotion of a “ forward thinking, humane, listening and open society, rather than a closed, narrow, opaque, inward looking “weltanschaung” would assist societal reform. We “bystanders”, we must all try to imagine we are in the place of those in need, and feel aas they do, in their situation. We must follow the advice of Mencius (372-289BC) and develop and use “empathy” As Mencius said, ”a developed human heart is the basis of a moral life”
Lubricating oil performs a variety of functions in an engine/machine. It provides lubrication to the moving, sliding & rolling surfaces thereby minimizing fraction, wear, hence imparts more life to the machinery. In addition, it protects metal surfaces against corrosion, acts as heat transfer agent, flush out contaminants, absorb shocks and seal leaks. However, during service, it is exposed to high load, speed, heating & oxidation hence suffered from degradation and gets spent. The spent oil no longer retains its properties and needs frequent replacement with a new one which is not only a waste of valuable resource but also contributes to the environmental pollution if carelessly disposed off. Performance improvement additives (antioxidants) are added in commercial formulations to avoid or delay the oxidation and to increase the service life of the oil. However, the antioxidants developed to date have several shortcomings and suffer from antagonistic effects which decline their abilities to withstand oxidation. Therefore, there is a need to investigate about new antioxidants to be efficient enough not only to minimize the thermo-oxidative degradation of the oil, and increase its service life but also to avoid disposal issues. The present work aimed to evaluate the antioxidant potentials of two natural antioxidants i.e. alcoholic extracts from rice husk (RHE) and saw dust (SDE) in oxidative stability of base lubricating oil under a set of experimental conditions. The oxidation stability of the mineral base oil with and without antioxidants was evaluated in an air atmosphere using temperature and time ramped oxidation experiments. The influence of a number of experimental conditions such as temperature, oxidation time, and concentration of each antioxidant was studied. The efficiency of the derived extracts at low and high temperatures was investigated. Mineral base oil (MBO), MBO additized with the RHE, and SDEwere evaluated at different temperatures and times using modified IP 48 procedure. The effect of additive concentration was also Table of contents xxii studied. With combination of the physico-chemical, conductiometric, spectroscopic, thermo-analytical, calorimetric and chromatographic analysis, the oil degradation in the absence and presence of the antioxidants understudy was monitored. Principal physico-chemical properties such as kinematic viscosity determined at 40 & 100 oC, viscosity index & viscosity ratio and complementary properties such as Conradson carbon residue, total acidity number & iodine number were determined using standard ASTM Methods. Oxidation may lead to formation of mostly carboxylic acids leading to changes in the spectroscopic properties of the oil. In order to know about the chemical changes occurring in the base oil during oxidation, FTIR analyses of the original oil, and un-additized MBO, RHE-& SDE-additized samples oxidized at optimum temperatures and time were performed in order to identify the oxidation products like carboxylic acids/carboxylates, amides, esters, etc.The conductance changes occurring in the oil samples during oxidation were recorded in order to decide about the oxidation induction times (OIT) and oxidative stability index (OSI). The changes were measured in case of the un-additized and RHE- &SDE-additized base oil samples oxidized at 100 and 200 oC for time duration of 06 h. Next to OSI analysis, the thermo gravimetric analyses (TGA) were performed in case of the un-additized and various additized base oil samples oxidized at 100 and 200 oC for time duration of 06 h in order to evaluate their thermal stabilities in terms of T onset, T offset, mass loss and weight gain.Calorimetric analyses in terms of oxidation induction time (OIT) were performed in case of the oil samples spiked with bio mass derived extracts in comparison to un-additized MBO in order to evaluate the antioxidant character of the RHE and SDE.To decide about changes in spectroscopic properties of the original and variously oxidized residual oil samples, Gas chromatographic- Mass spectrometric analysis was carried out in order to ascertain the changes in the individual compounds, the hydrocarbon range products and the hydrocarbon group type’s distributions. The results indicated that the antioxidants understudy imparted stability to the base oil at low as well as high temperatures. The results further inferred that the use of biomass derived additives reduced the oxidative degradation of the base oil to a greater Table of contents xxiii extent and thus could be used on commercial scale to eliminate the use of environmentally objectionable and costly additives. ORGANIZATION OF THE THESIS The thesis is compiled in the form of THREE chapters. 1. INTRODUCTION This chapter represents the theoretical knowledge about the lubricating oil, its composition, properties, base oil and its types, oxidative degradation, mechanism of oxidative degradation, method used to evaluate oil degradation, literature survey related to base oil degradation, and the role of antioxidants. All references cited have been given at the end of this chapter. 2. EXPERIMENTAL This chapter is devoted to the various experimental and stat of the art analytical methods used (ASTM/IP). All references cited have been given at the end of this chapter. 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION This chapter presents the experimentally achieved results supported by the corresponding pictorials, graphical representations, spectra, thermograms, oxidographs and chromatograms discussed in the light of the available literature. The conclusions based on the results are also provided. All references cited throughout the text have been given at the end of this chapter.