The Universality and Scope of Justice in Islam

Definition of justice and its scope is something about what legal and political philosophers could never reach a unified position throughout a history. In these days, many in the West are trying to present Islam and its law and justice as something utterly uncivilized, unjust, cruel, and outdated and of no use in modern world. Positivist's concept of justice that prevails in the world today, mostly based on temporary secular-materialistic values, is in most of the cases opposed to the eternal principles and rules laid down by God Almighty. Justice according to the early proponents of Natural law, if not based on the universal values in itself is not justice, and as such is doomed to failure. Today we are witnessing the kind of global justice that threatens even to destroy humanity.  The present article is an effort to find out the most suitable definition of justice according to the Islamic law, and present the concept of universality and scope of justice in Islam in a way to show the absolute God's principles and values are unchangeable and everlasting, and only rightful solution to be followed today.

Redox Behavior and Dna Binding Studies of Some Electroactive Compounds

The redox behavior of four biologically important compounds; Na-salt of 2-methyl -3-(4-nitrophenyl)acrylate, dimethyl-2-oxoglutarate, camptothecin and lumazine was studied by cyclic, square wave and differential pulse voltammetry on a glassy carbon electrode in different pH media. The voltammetric response of Na-salt of 2-methyl -3-(4-nitrophenyl)acrylate revealed 2e - , 2H + pH dependent reduction process leading to the formation of an electroactive reduction product that strongly adsorbed at the electrode surface. The electrochemical reduction of dimethyl-2-oxoglutarate followed 1e - , 1H + irreversible diffusion-controlled process that occurred in cascade mechanism. The redox signals of camptothecin and lumazine were also examined in a wide pH range. On the basis of the results obtained the redox mechanisms were proposed with the objective of providing useful insights into the pathways by which such compounds exert their biochemical actions. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and UV-Vis spectroscopy were used to probe the interaction of some potential anticancer ferrocenes and organotins with DNA. The ferrocene moiety serves as spectroscopically active chromophore, biological marker and redox active site with accessible potential range, established antiproliferative effects, thermodynamic and kinetic characteristics. In the present work four ferrocene derivatives i.e., protonated ferrocene, 4-nitrophenylferrocene, 1-ferrocenyl-3-phenyl-2-propen-1-one and 1-ferrocenyl-3-(4-nitrophenyl)-2-propen-1-one were investigated with the objective of understanding the mechanism by which they interact with DNA and exercise their biological effects. Spurred by the anti-tumor activity, structural diversity and biological applications of organotin(IV) complexes the mode of interaction and binding strength of diorganotin(IV) complexes [Cl(C 4 H 9 ) 2 Sn(L)], [Cl(C 2 H 5 ) 2 Sn(L)] and [(C 6 H 5 ) 2 Sn(L) 2 ], where L is 4-(4-nitrophenyl)piperazine-1-carbodithioate, with DNA were examined by CV and UV-Vis absorption titration. The results revealed that the binding constant, binding site size and Gibbs free energy vary in the sequence: [(C 6 H 5 ) 2 Sn(L) 2 ]> [Cl(C 4 H 9 ) 2 Sn(L)]>[Cl(C 2 H 5 ) 2 Sn(L)]. The electrochemical, kinetic and thermodynamic parameters of diorganotin(IV) derivatives of ONO tridentate Schiff base, [(C 6 H 5 ) 2 Sn(L) 2 ], [(CH 3 ) 2 Sn(L) 2 ] and ii[(C 4 H 9 ) 2 Sn(L) 2 ] where L = [N-(2-oxidobenzylidene)-N¢-(oxidomethylene)hydrazine] interacting with DNA were also evaluated by CV and UV-Vis spectroscopy. The results revealed the following order of binding strength: [(C 4 H 9 ) 2 Sn(L) 2 ]>[(C 6 H 5 ) 2 Sn(L) 2 ]>[(CH 3 ) 2 Sn(L) 2 ] with binding affinity more than penta and hexa-coordinated diorganotin(IV) 4-(4-nitrophenyl) piperazine-1-carbodithioate. The mode of interaction and binding strength of organotin (IV) carboxylates and three organotin (IV) dicarboxylates with DNA were also examined. The organotin (IV) carboxylates were found to have better anticancer activities than organotin (IV) dicarboxylates.