Islamic View of Leadership in the Perspective of the Article 62 and 63 of the Constitution and Ideological Orientations of Pakistan

There is a plenty of discussion upon the articles 62 and 63 of the constitution of Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Liberal groups deem Islamic clauses of the constitution particularly pertaining to the articles as unnecessary. On the other hand, conservative journalists and right wing social activists are raising their voices in the favor of these articles. Pakistan was established in the name of Islam. This research work is an attempt to have a glance on the Islamic view of leadership keeping in view the clauses of these two articles.

Isolation and Structural Studies on the Bioactive Constituents of Bergenia Ciliata and Synthesis, Special Characterization and Antibacterial Study of a Schiff Base Metal Complexes

The indigenous plant Bergenia ciliata was investigated for bioactive constituents in this research. Five known bioactive compounds were isolated from ethyl acetate extract of this plant. The isolated compounds were identified by melting point, UV, IR, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR as Afzelechin (173), Asarone (174), Terpinen-4-ol (175), Parasorbic acid (176)and Damascenone (177). Antimicrobial activity of isolated compounds was studied. All the isolated constituents showed antimicrobial efficiency varyingly on the selected microbes that comprised of two Gram positive and four Gram negative bacterial strains, causes infections in human. Afzelechin (173) exhibited the highest antimicrobial activity compared to other compounds. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the constituents which were explored for the first time. Afzelechin (173) showed the highest antifungal activity while Damascenone (177) has moderate activity. The second part of the thesis is comprised of Synthesis of Schiff bases and their complexation with different metals like Cu (II), Co (II), Ni (II) and Zn (II). Both the bases and their complexes were studied on the basis of their physical characterization like micro-analytical data, 1HNMR, FTIR and UV spectrum data. Schiff bases coordination with metal through nitrogen of imine and atom of oxygen was confirmed through spectrum data. Furthermore, the ligand and the metal complexes were screened against Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria for their antibacterial activity. The results showed that these complexes possess enhanced biological activity as compared to ligand bases.