پنڈت ہردے ناتھ کنزرو
یہ سطریں لکھی جارہی تھیں کہ پنڈت ہردنے ناتھ کنزرد کی وفات کی خبر ملی، انھوں نے بڑی لمبی عمر پائی، نوے سال کے تھے، وہ ایک جلیل القدر، مرنجان مرنج، بامروت، وضعدار شخصیت، پارلیمانی دستور کے بڑے ماہر ہندو مسلمان کی ملی جلی تہذیب کے عمدہ نمونہ اور اردو زبان کے بڑے محسن کی حیثیت سے برابر یاد کئے جائیں گے، وہ اپنی ترشی ہوئی بھلمنساہت کی وجہ سے ہندوستان کی سیاست کی جذباتی ہم آہنگی کے قابل تقلید نمونہ بن سکتے ہیں، بشرطیکہ موجودہ قومی دھارے کے بنانے والے ان کو ایسا ہی سمجھیں۔ (’صباح الدین عبدالرحمن، اپریل ۱۹۷۸ء)
Imām Jalāl-ud-Dīn Suyūtī (d.911 A.H.)– a great personality of Islām, devoted his entire life for the services of Islām. He authored a number of books on multiple disciplines of Islām. One worth-mentioning contribution of Imām Suyūtī is his book ‘Al Khaṣāiṣ al Kubra’. A number of Arab researchers have compiled analytical research works on specific topics and certain chapters of the book. However, a collective analysis on the pattern and methodology of the book is not present so far. Therefore, this article deals with a holistic and collective discussion on the approach and patterns of the book for the first time in Urdu language. The article enlightens its readers with a comprehensive introduction of the book in the beginning. However, lately, it thoroughly reviews and analyzes the style and method of Imām Jalāl-ud-Dīn Suyūtī. Moreover, the article also contains details of the significance and genuine qualities of the book along with its distinctive features. The study concludes that the worthwhile work of Imām Jalāl-ud-Dīn Suyutī in this particular field deserves to be acknowledged genuinely.
This thesis comprises three separate yet interrelated research articles on product country image (PCI). Two theories from social science have provided underpinnings for the conceptual model of relationships investigated in this thesis: self-categorization theory provides a basis for consumers to categorize products as domestic or foreign, whereas social identity theory helps explain consumers‘ ethnocentrism. These theories have implications for the applicability of integrated marketing strategies to consumers located in nations with different cultures. Four antecedents of PCI were selected from the literature, namely, materialism (MAT), consumer ethnocentrism (CE), value consciousness (VC), and cosmopolitanism (COS), and their relationships with consumers‘ perceptions about home product country image (HPCI) and foreign product country image (FPCI) were investigated using a sample of young Pakistani respondents for the product category of clothing. This was examined in the first research article. The second research article tested the presence of the moderating effect of country familiarity (CF) on the relationships of the above-stated 4 antecedents with FPCI. The third research paper then investigated the relationship between PCI (including both HPCI and FPCI) with consumers‘ willingness to buy (WB) in the presence of the iv moderating effect of their product experience (PE) from previously using foreign products. Data were collected through a questionnaire completed by university students in Lahore. Validated scales were used to measure the latent constructs mentioned above, and confirmatory factor analysis was done to verify that the indicators do load on their respective factors with the required loading strength. Thereafter, structural relationships between the above-stated latent constructs were tested using structural equation modeling. In the first article, consumers‘ COS was found to be positively related to not only HPCI but also FPCI, which is not unusual, as cosmopolitan consumers are likely to be more open minded about both home and foreign products. CE was found to be positively related to FPCI, which was unexpected considering findings reported in the literature. Consumers‘ MAT was found to be positively related to FPCI, which was intuitively commensurate with expectations and in line with the literature. Consumers‘ VC was found to be negatively related to FPCI but positively related to HPCI, which is understandable in a developing country with low purchasing power. The results of the second research article revealed that CF has a moderating effect only on the relationship between consumers‘ VC and FPCI and does not moderate the relationship between the other 3 antecedents and FPCI.The results of the third paper showed that FPCI is positively related to consumers‘ WB foreign products. Further, consumers‘ PE with foreign products was found to moderate the relationship between FPCI and WB.