Pandemic Impact on the Travels and Tourism Sector of Nepal

The travel and tours enterprise were badly affected due to pandemics. In the aftermath of high restrictions on human movement, travel-based entrepreneurs were highly impacted due to lockdown. Due to pandemic, highly impacted into earning-saving, lack of supportive working conditions, lower self-capacity, and lack of recovery budget and policies, the travel and tours-based entrepreneurs were highly impacted. The study reflected the impact of pandemics on travel and tours, major constraints, and a possible way forward to sustaining. The research explores what are the major existing practices of sustaining travel and tours entrepreneurs during pandemics, what factors can contribute to building bounce-back capacities of travel and tours entrepreneurs’ sustainability. Above forty-four, snowball-based sampling was done from major travel and tours entrepreneurs, Pokhara-Nepal. A structure-based open-ended questionnaire, key informant interviews, and in-person-based discussion were applied in the method of study. Used the content analysis along with a recap of the research question, undertake bracketing to identify biases, operationalize variables with develop a coding, and code the data with undertaking analysis while qualitative analysis, and multiple regression facilitated on quantitative analysis to finalize the discussion. The study reflects that self-saving, social support, state and financial institutions recovery support, social behavior and change communication, full vaccination practices, and self-accountable tourist behavior are highly expectable conditions to the sustainability of travel and torus entrepreneurship in the learning area. The study concludes that self-saving capacity can contribute to bounce-back capacity for every entrepreneur. Social support and socioeconomic recovery packages were also contributing to sustaining travel and tours in the study area. Self-saving condition and capacity is higher bounce back capacity compared to non-saved entrepreneurs in the study area. Social support, socioeconomic recovery practices, and recovery packages from state and financial institutions were not at the higher level as expected.

A Corpus-Based Analysis of Differences in Language Use by Men and Women Bloggers of English E- Newspapers in Pakistan

This study aimed at analysing differences between the language use of men and women bloggers of Pakistani English e-newspapers. The corpus-based analysis compared two gendered corpora comprising a total of 11258 blog posts (6706 blog posts from 1674 men bloggers and 4552 blog posts from 1212 women bloggers) collected from blogs maintained by leading English e-newspapers of Pakistan. The data was collected from November 01, 2008 to August 31, 2015. Using 2015-version of the automated text analysis tool, Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC), the study employed a quantitative top-down approach for obtaining results for 93 in-built language analysis categories of LIWC2015. The software processes each word in a text file, matches it to in-built dictionaries for 93 variables and groups results under several major categories with many sub-categories. The computed results were processed for statistical analysis with XLSTAT (Addinsoft, 2016) and MS Excel for normality test, two-tailed hypothesis test, Bonferroni’s correction, and effect sizes. These tests were used to see statistically significant differences in gendered language use across 93 LIWC2015 variables. Besides, the study used AntConc 3.4.4 (Anthony, 2016), a stand-alone text analysis and concordancing toolkit, to note additional findings for differences in language use between men and women bloggers by comparing concordances, collocations and frequencies of selected expressions captured by LIWC2015 dictionaries. As a result, several gender differences in language use emerged. Many of these were consistent with the previous research conducted in other cultures and settings.