تجارتی معاملات میں ترغیبات و مراعات کی انواع و اقسام: شریعت کی روشنی میں تحقیقی مطالعہ

Wherever person goes, he finds unless it finds advertisement tools in various shapes and sizes. These ads, which have become an important pattern in the life of traders are indispensable for them than in contemporary reality. But now companies are specializing in the production of these ads and incentives, taking advantage of all the modern means of magazines and broadcasting video and audio formats and even mobile internet services.  Each of these companies have their own philosophy of it, some of which consider the legitimate controls in advertisements but other are to make money regardless of the appropriateness of these ads or following the controls of legitimacy and this research aims at highlighting the most important of these Islamic perspective controls which must be adhered when designing these commercials ads.  Islam regulates the trade system and provides a sound guideline to its followers. It has forbidden all the malpractices being exercised in business and its advertisement. The research talks about the commercial advertisements, their types, aims and the opinions of Islamic experts about them. Besides, the research proves that advertisement is permissible according to shariah.

Morphological and Molecular Characterization of Indigenous Goat Breeds of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan.

Goat population is increasing at a faster rate (4%) than other co-existing livestock species in Pakistan. Four indigenous goat breeds of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan i.e. Gaddi, Damani, Kaghani and Surgoli were sampled from their home tracts for morphological and molecular characterization. A total of 120 samples (30 of each breed) were studied. Gaddi was of largest size manifested by large body length, chest girth, ear blade width, head length, heights and horn length and was the heaviest in weight compared to other breeds. Both Kaghani and Gaddi breeds have long and glossy hair with coat color of white, black or grey. Surgoli and Damani have medium hair, white, red, black or brown in colour. Most Kaghani and Gaddi have beards, less common in Surgoli and Damani. No wattle was observed in Kaghani or Gaddi breeds but present in Damani and Surgoli. All the four breeds have horns and no polled individual was seen. Morphologically Damani has screwed 56.7% and Gaddi have curved horns 66.7% while Kaghani and Damani have 83.3% and 43.3% spiral horns respectively. Gaddi and Kaghani showed better performance as compared to Damani and Surgoli especially in terms of milk and meat production. Total of 30 SSR markers were used of which 24 were amplified. In total 130 alleles were detected. Surgoli was the most diverse breed and the least was Gaddi. Mean number of alleles, effective number of alleles and unique alleles were 5.42, 3.89 and 11 respectively. Average genetic diversity was 0.689, the highest in Surgoli i.e. 0.7228.F indics (FIT), (FST) and FIS were calculated as 0.706, 0.075 and 0.670 respectively. All pair wise estimate of population differentiation was significant P<0.05. Mean Nm (gene flow) value was 2.92 migrants per generation. Average observed and expected heterozygosity was 0.219 and 0.727 respectively. PIC of 0.585 showed that most markers are highly polymorphic. Allelic richness ranged from 4.00 to 4.71. The Bottle neck analysis showed that Gaddi, Damani and Surgoli were in a state of mutation drift equilibrium while Kaghani deviated from mutation drift equilibrium. This instability of the population is an evidence of genetic bottleneck. Phenotypic and molecular characterization of animals is much needed for conservation and designing improvement strategy for these genetic resources of a country.