آیتِ کریمہ يَاأَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا لَا تَقُولُوا رَاعِنَا وَقُولُوا انْظُرْنَا سےحجیتِ سدُالذرائع پر ابنِ حزم کےمعارضہ کا تجزیاتی مطالعہ An Analytical Study of the Ibn-e-Hazam’s Objections to Authenticity of the Sadd-o-Zaree'ah

As well as per Shariah, it is admissible and some of the time even mandatory to save the devotees from the activities that might lead them towards the prohibited exercises. Consequently, the decision of denial from these kinds of exercises is called Sadd-e-Zaree'a. This is the guideline derived from the Quran and Sunnah. As Almighty Allah prohibited the devotees to say 'Raina' because this word was utilized by Jews purposely in an off-base way with underhanded aims, while, Muslims introduced their solicitations by this equivalent word in the most elevated court of The Holy Prophet (harmony and gifts arrive) for looking for effortlessness and unwinding in their concerned issues. As in Quran: O People who Believe, don't tell (the Prophet Mohammed-harmony and gifts arrive), "Raina (Be accommodating towards us)" however say, "Unzurna (Look leniently upon us)", and listen mindfully in any case. [Baqarah 2:104]. (To disregard the Holy Prophet - harmony and endowments arrive - is impiety.) Ibn Hazm in his famous book Al-Aḥkām Fī ūṣūl Al-Aḥkām has objected to the mentioned verse from which jurists have taken the argument of Sadd-e-Zaree'a. Because the Zahiri school of thought is based on the appearance of the text (Quran o Hadees). This is why Ibn Hazm Zahiri denies it (the source of Shariah), and proves that accepting the source of Shariah is an increase in religion which is in itself illegitimate as well as the opposition of the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him). There is also the addition of items by their thoughts in Shariah. In the above article, an analytical study of the objections of Allama Ibn Hazm will be presented, explaining the sources and the arguments as to whether or not their source is Shariah.

Exploration and Utlization of Promoters from Dicot Plats

The highly expressed promoters used in genetic engineering have been isolated from viruses. The commercially available promoters have been patented and the scientists have to address the Intellectual Property Rights issues related to patented promoters. The exploration of strong dicot promoters is needed for the expression of transgenes by our local researchers for the evaluation of their transgenes. The dicot promoters (β-TbBr promoter, β-TbSt promoter and susy-Sl promoter) were explored and isolated from potato, turnip and tomato respectively. The promoter sequences and their deletion mutants consist of various motifs for light response, hormonal response and stress response. Maximum light responsive motifs were detected in β-TbSt and susy-Sl promoters. The full length β-TbSt and susy-Sl promoters were expressed in tobacco and cotton tissues through transient assay and their expression was maximum in major tissues of these selected dicot plants. The strong β-Glucoronidase (GUS) expression was observed in roots, stem, leaves, flowers, trichomes and siliques of transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana under the β-TbSt and susy-Sl promoters. The full length β-TbBr promoter also expressed GUS gene in various tissues of tobacco and cotton through transient assay but the deletion mutants of this promoter were expressed only in anthers of transgenic lines of Arabidopsis. The deletion mutants of susy-Sl promoter showed strong constitutive GUS expression in roots, stems, leaves, flowers, trichomes and siliques of transgenic A.thaliana tissues.The smallest deletion mutant (679bp) of susy-Sl promoter showed optimal promoter activity in transgenic A. thaliana. The deletion mutants of β-TbSt promoter also expressed GUS gene in major tissues of A. thaliana but the expression was not good in roots due to removal of some of the root specific motifs and light inducible motifs. The β-TbBr promoter showed flower specific expression in A. thaliana. The β-TbSt promoter and susy-Sl promoter were found highly constitutive while the full length β-TbBr promoter can be utilized for the expression of salt inducible genes under stress conditions and the deletions of this promoter can be utilized for the floral specific expression of transgenes in plant genetic engineering.