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Study of Aerosols Quality in the Presence of Surfactants and its Applications to the Analytical System Icp-Aes

Thesis Info

Author

Shahid Amin

Department

Deptt. of Chemistry, QAU.

Program

PhD

Institute

Quaid-i-Azam University

Institute Type

Public

City

Islamabad

Province

Islamabad

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2008

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Page

xv,205

Subject

Chemistry

Language

English

Other

Call No: DISS/Ph.D CHE/778

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2023-01-06 19:20:37

ARI ID

1676718651935

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                 ناول نگار نے کہانی میں تین بھائیوں کا ذکر کیا ہے جو کہ ضلع خانیوال کے گاؤں ٹبہ والی میں رہتے تھے۔صادق بخش،الٰہ بخش،احمد بخش تینوں بھائیوں کے پاس زمین جائیداد بتائی گئی ہے احمد بخش جو کہ ان سب سے بڑا ہے اس کا ایک بیٹا ہے۔طلال احمد،دوسرے بھائی کی ایک بیٹی ہے بیٹی کی پیدائش پر بیوی کا انتقال ہو گیا اور تیسرے بھائی کی دو بیویاں ہیں مگر اولاد کوئی نہیں۔ان تینوں بھائیوں کا باپ جنگ عظیم دوم میں انگریزوں کے خلاف جنگ کرتا ہوا اپنے ایک بازو سے ہاتھ دھو بیٹھا اس صورت میں اسے حکومت کی طرف سے زمین الاٹ کی گئی، کچھ بعد میں یہ بھائی اپنے دماغ سے اضافہ کرتے گئے۔تینوں بظاہر بہت اچھے بھائی تھے۔ مگر طلال احمد جو کہ دل میں بغض رکھتا تھا، وہ اور اس کا باپ احمد بخش تین ہزار ایکڑ کے امورخود سے ہی دیکھتے تھے۔سب کام بہت خوش اسلوبی سے ہورہے تھے۔تینوں بھائیوں میں بگاڑ تب پیدا ہواجب دوسرا بھائی اپنی زندگی میں ہی اپنے حصے کی زمین اپنی بیویوں کے نام کردینا چاہتا تھا۔ناطق نے بھائیوں کے پیار میں بھی بتایا ہے کہ خون کے رشتے ،سگے بھائی بھی کس طرح جائیداد کے لالچ میں ایک دوسرے کے خون کے پیاسے ہو جاتے ہیں۔صادق بخش ہمیشہ سے چاہتا تھا اور اس سلسلے میں اپنے بڑے بھائی احمد بخش کو بہت بار کہہ چکاتھاکہ وہ اپنا حصہ اپنی بیویوں کے نام کرنا چاہتا ہے اور احمد بخش ہمیشہ ٹال مٹول سے کام لیتا تھا۔دونوں میں بہت تکرار ہوگئی اور بات طے پائی کہ وہ اس سال  کپاس کی کاشت پر رقم دونوں بیویوں میں تقسیم کردے گا۔اس تکرار کی وجہ سے اب بھائی ساتھ میں کم بیٹھتے تھے۔مگر احمد بخش نے اپنا...

التعليل النحوي عند ابن بابشاذ في كتابه شرح المحسبة (فصل الاسم أنموذجاً)

لقد استقصى النحاة العلة في كلام العرب مستنبطين ذلك من كلام العرب وأقيستهم، ومن بين النحويين ابن بابشاذ الذي تناول العلة في كتابه (شرح المقدمة المحسبة)،إذ ميز البحثُ اسلوب ابن بابشاذ التعليمي بتضمين فصول الكتاب بالعلة على مختلف أقسام الكلام كالأسماء و الأفعال والحروف، والذي اقتصر هنا على فصل الاسم وبيان علله المتنوعة كعلة التثنية والعوض والمعادلة وآمن اللبس، وعلة النظير، والخفة، والثقل، والاحتراز، ونظير تعليله في المقدمة رفع المثنى بالألف رفعاً دون الواو وذلك؛ للفصل بين التثنية والجمع، فأصبحت العلة لديه علة (فرق)، وهذا ما يسري على أنواع الأسماء وأنواع العلل. واستُنبطت العلة وفق المنهج الوصفي التحليلي، والذي تمَّ عبرهُ تمييز العلل وبيان فائدتها النحوية، وللراغب في تسليط الضوء على بقية فصول مقدمة المحسبة سيظفر على دراسة هادفة وجادة بين دفتي المقدمة لابن بابشاذ.

Development and Evaluation of Transdermal Drug Delivery System for Antihypertensive Agents

Aim of present study was to develop and evaluate matrix patches of Amlodipine besylate, Hydrochlorothiazide and combination of Amlodipine and Hydrochlorothizide containing enhancers for sustained and enhanced transdermal delivery. Hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose (HPMC) and poly vinyl pyrolidone (PVP K 30), were used as polymers. Propylene glycol (PG) and dibutyl phthalate (DBP) were used as plasticizers. Tween 20, Oleic Acid, IPA were used as enhancers. Methanol and Dichloromethane (DCM) were used as diluents.Patches were prepared by plate casting method. Polyvinyl alcohol was used to prepare backing membrane. Prepared polymeric matrix patches containing no enhancer were characterized for physical appearance, thickness, weight variation, moisture contents and moisture up take capacity. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic studies of prepared patches were performed to identify any chemical and physical interaction between drug and excipients. In-vitro drug release studies were carried out in phosphate buffer pH 7.4 by using paddle over disc method. Release mechanism was elucidated by subjecting the in-vitro release data to kinetic analysis by using DD solver® excel based add in program. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was performed after release to further elaborate release process. In-vitro permeation studies were performed on Franz diffusion cell by using excised rabbit skin. Three different formulations containing Amlodipine, hydrochlorothiazide and combination of both the drugs were developed with polymer and excipients.Patches after incorporation of enhancers were characterized for physical properties, FTIR, PXRD and SEM analysis. In-vitro release and permeation studies were carried out to compare effect of enhancers and their concentration on release. Selected patch formulations were subjected to in-vivo studies by two periods, two parameters, parallel design for rats and parallel design in rabbits (n=6) for pharmacokinetic comparison with oral solution administration. Skin irritation studies were performed on healthy volunteers for patches by measuring level of erythema with Mexameter®. Fourty Eight formulations (A1 - A40, B1 - B4 & C1 - C4) were prepared by using different enhancers. All the prepared formulations qualified basic parameters of clarity, weight variation, thickness, folding endurance, % flatness etc. In the presence of enhancers initial burst release was seen in Amlodipine patches, Hydrochlorothiazide patches and combined drug patches. Oleic acid and Tween 20, have saturated shorter fatty acid side chains, showed highest enhancement effect with 1.73 and 2.01 folds increase in permeation rate when compared to control, respectively. In formulations (A1 – A16) maximum release was observed in formulation A3 (54%), A7 (62.25%), A11 (59.25%) and A15 (68.95%) having optimum concentration of IPA i.e., 125mg. Similarly, when amlodipine besylate and hydrochlorthiazide were formulated together (A17 – A28), maximum amlodipine release was observed in formulations A19 (75.28%), A22 (92.69%), A25 (77.36%) and A28 (95.87%) while maximum hydrochlorothiazide release was seen in formulations A19 (81.31%), A22 (91.54%), A25 (86.88%) and A28 (90.91%) due to the impact of oleic acid in the formulations. Likewise, formulations having maximum amount of tween 20 exhibited prominent release of hydrochlorothiazide i.e., A31 (69.83%), A34 (78.68%), A37 (80.98%) and A40 (83.60%). All the fabricated formulations A1 – A40 followed Higuchi kinetic model for their release and release mechanism was derived from Korsmeyer Peppas model. Nature of drugs i.e., Amlodipine and Hydrochlorothiazide in the finished transdermal patches was amorphous as confirmed by PXRD studies. Cumulative amount of drug permeated in formulations A1 – A16 was observed. Higher drug contents were permeated in formulation having higher enhancer concentration i.e., A3 (355µg/1.5 cm2), A7 (500µg/1.5 cm2), A11 (388µg/1.5 cm2) and A15 (492µg/1.5 cm2). Amount of drug permeated in these formulations was dependent on enhancer concentration in order of 75 mg>100 mg> 125 mg. Similar facts were seen in case of further developed formulations revealing enhancer dependant permeation. Toxicity studies had not shown any sort of skin reaction, alteration in biochemical profile of blood, histopathology and any effect on feed intake etc. It can be concluded that tween 20, IPA and Oleic Acid can be successfully employed as efficient permeation enhancers for transdermal delivery of Amlodipine and hydrochlorothiazide matrix patches, respectively. Moreover, a single patch of Amlodipine and Hydrochlorothiazide is capable to provide sustained continuous delivery of both the drugs for more than two days across skin. Thus application of combination (AML and HCT) transdermal patches can be used as an alternative of oral route for the treatment of hypertension.