آہ! مسٹر راجیو گاندھی!!
کانگریس آئی کے صدر اور سابق وزیر اعظم ہند مسٹر راجیو گاندھی کا وحشیانہ اور بے رحمانہ قتل ملک و قوم کا بڑا المناک سانحہ ہے، اس کی جس قدر مذمت کی جائے کم ہے، وہ مدراس کے انتخابی دورہ کے سلسلہ میں ۲۱ مئی کو دس بجے کے بعد رات میں سری پر مبو دور کے ایک انتخابی جلسہ میں خطاب کرنے جارہے تھے تو کسی درندہ صفت، شقی القلب اور لئیم نے ان کی زندگی کا چراغ ہمیشہ کے لیے گل کردیا، ان کی اس اذیت ناک موت نے ایک بار پھر ان کی والدہ مسز اندرا گاندھی اور قوم و ملک کے محسن گاندھی جی کی یاد تازہ کردی، اور ہر انسان دوست اور محب وطن شخص یہ سوچنے لگا کہ گوتم بُدھ اور گاندھی کے اس دیس میں کب تک راون اور ناتھورام گوڈ سے ہنسا اور تشدد کی ریت قائم و دائم رکھیں گے۔
راجیو گاندھی ۱۹۴۴ء میں پیدا ہوئے تھے، دون اسکول میں ابتدائی و ثانوی تعلیم پانے کے بعد لندن گئے اور میکنکل انجینئرنگ کا کورس کیا، ہندوستان واپس آکر ہوائی جہاز چلانے کی ٹریننگ لی، اور انڈین ایرلائنز سے وابستہ ہوئے، وہ ایک کامیاب پائلٹ تھے لیکن اپنے چھوٹے بھائی سنجے گاندھی کے ہوائی حادثہ میں ہلاک ہونے کے بعد انھیں اپنی والدہ کی مدد کے لیے سیاست میں آنا پڑا، ۱۹۸۱ء میں پہلی بار پارلیمنٹ کے ممبر ہوئے اور آل انڈیا کانگریس کمیٹی کے جنرل سکریٹری بھی مقرر کیے گئے، ۱۹۸۴ء میں اندرا گاندھی کے قتل کے بعد وہ وزیراعظم ہوئے، اسی سال انھوں نے قبل از وقت انتخاب کرایا اور پانچ برس تک وزارت عظمیٰ کے منصب پر فائز رہے، ۱۹۸۹ء کے الیکشن میں تو ان کی پارٹی کو سب سے زیادہ سیٹیں ملیں تاہم انھوں نے حکومت کی تشکیل نہ کرکے...
It is generally believed that the Constitution of 1973 was passed unanimously by the parliament of Pakistan and was equally acceptable for all the federating units. While studying the processes of the approval of the said constitution inside the assembly, it becomes evident that the reality was quite different. There exists an argument that most of the Opposition members were not allowed to join the parliament’s session while the final approval of the constitution was processed. The present paper is an effort to analyse the developments that took place inside the National Assembly to pass this document which was to serve as the fundamental document of the state system in forthcoming years. In other words, the present article analyses the course of action through which the Constitution was framed. This is an analytical study primarily based on the National Assembly debates supported by the secondary sources, biographies, and autobiographies of the contemporary politicians to understand how far the amendments suggested by the then opposition were accommodated by the ruling party. Furthermore, this paper analyses the reasons for which each government has to amend the basic structure of the constitution to make it more practical and acceptable for its units. For instance the Eighteenth Amendment removed the concurrent list of the constitution but now the following governments are facing issues to implement the Amendment in detail.
Chapter 1, 'What is Metaphysics' focuses on basic issues related to metaphysics consequently to its scientific, philosophical and religious interpretations in the backdrop of prevalent scientific concepts about universe, aspects related to time and space and issues of mysticism. After elaborating literal and terminological meanings of metaphysics its definitions in various dictionaries, explanations by different scholars and interpretations through encyclopedias and web sites have been carried out for better comprehension. Since individual, God and universe are three basic fundamentals of metaphysics, therefore, metaphysical elements in its different manifestations and forms related to scientific, philosophical and religious mythologies in through Urdu short stories have been explained. Chapter 2, covers metaphysical elements in Urdu short stories of first period from 1901 to 1936. Evolution and interpretations of creation of life and universe (of this period) have been attempted. An endeavor has been made to trace primitive elements of metaphysics in the writers of Urdu short stories like Rashid-ul- Khairi, Sultan Haider Josh and Prem Chand. In progression, elements of metaphysics emanating from the love for nature of the romantic writers and its influence in early Urdu short stories from novels, folk tales, Hindu philosophies 'Avagavan' and 'Mukti' have been considered. Chapter 3, covers 'Metaphysical Elements in Urdu Short Stories in Second Period from 1936 to 1047'. Novel philosophical interpretation of Carl Marx philosophy and precedence of matter over soul has been analysed. In addition, those metaphysical elements which entered into Urdu short stories under the influence of ideas of Freud and Yong have also been included. Chapter 4, pertains to 'Metaphysical Elements in Urdu Short Stories after Creation of Pakistan'. Causes of revival of romanticism in the fifties have been explained. An analytical appraisal of short stories of important writers has been carried out in the preview of effects of knowledge of existence and new mystical approach. Elucidating effects of different metaphysical philosophies on romantic short stories, metaphysical elements in Greek and Hindu mythologies in short stories of A. Hameed have been indicated. Chapter 5, with the title, 'Metaphysical Elements in Urdu Short Stories from Sixties to-date' deals with new scientific revelations and new discoveries about the universe and existence under the influence of modernism. New background of sensibility has been discussed as how socio-political and cultural environments affect new approach regarding life and universe. Understanding of new dimensions of time and space in the context of Hindi mythology, mysticism and Islamic myths has been done. Analysis of short stories of prominent writers of this era has been carried out. Chapter 6, consists of an overall review of various facets of metaphysical elements with evolving trends in romanticism, mysticism, Hindi, Greek and Islamic mythologies and other religious rituals. In the end findings of entire discussion leading to some recommendations have been included to promote metaphysical elements in Urdu short stories.