Legitimacy of Imprisonment as a Punishment in Sharīa

Throughout known human history, incarceration has been a prevailing practice. Regardless of the nature of the crime, imprisonment is now a widespread phenomenon globally. In Pakistan, as in many other states, detention is employed for a wide range of offenses, including instances where Islamic capital punishments are substituted with imprisonment. The adverse impacts of imprisonment are not limited to the individual offender; rather, they extend to the well-being of the offender's family and the broader society. Furthermore, the efficacy of imprisonment is questioned concerning its purported benefits in terms of reformation, retribution, and deterrence, with an examination revealing potential limitations in achieving these objectives. Considering the aforementioned issues, it is important to explore whether it is according to Islamic law or not? After analyzing all causes and aspects of detention given in the Prophetic time and Rashidun caliphate, it is concluded that in those times, imprisonment was just practiced till the decision taken for the criminal and then, one might set free or granted any hadd or ta‘zīr punishment. Subsequently, the individual could either be released or subjected to specific hadd or ta‘zīr punishments. In Shari'ah, permissible punishments include confining the offender to their residence or banishing them from the locality, with the provision for the latter to be accompanied by their family. Crucially, the absence of a concept of prolonged imprisonment within Sharīa’s code of crimes and penalties underscores the contention that imprisonment is perceived not merely as a punitive measure but as a severe crime against humanity.  This raises questions about the effectiveness of Pakistan's criminal justice system, suggesting that a more tailored and nuanced approach, considering individual circumstances, may be more operative. Keywords: Juristic Approach to Imprisonment, Imprisonment in Islam, detention in Islamic law, incarceration.

Elastic Scattering at Current and Future Colliders

Measurements from ISR, SPS, Tevatron ineluding most recent measurements by E- 81 1 collaboration and future measurements from PP2PP at RH1C as well as from CMS, and TOTEM at LHC throws light on various aspects of elastic and diffractive scattering. We have analysed the world data for proton-proton and proton-antiproton scattering in the light of predictions of various models with special focus on Eikonal picture and QCD inspired models. Special emphasis has been given on the shrinkage of the diffraction peak and dip structure in the differential cross section besides encompassing other physical parameters. These parameters have been computed in the light of Generalized Chou-Yang model and compared with other models with special emphasis on the possibility of multiple dip structure at RH1C and LHC energies. Role of p, ration of the real and imaginary parts of the scattering amplitude, in the appearance or otherwise of multiple structure has also been considered. At the same time, presence of Odderon at high energy has been in question for quite some time. Wc have probed the Odderon description in theory and possibility of its search at the current and future colliders. The Odderon in perturbative and non-perturbative QCD has been discussed along with some phenomenological approaches. A comparison of the Odderon description with other models has also been made with the available data including measurements from cosmic ray. which corresponds to the LHC energy of 14 TeV and beyond. Our sludy also focuses on the measurements at RHTC and LHC and the presence or otherwise of Odderon, In the light of this analysis, suggestions for future measurements have been made.