والیۂ بھوپال سلطان جہاں بیگم
خادمہ ملت و مخدومہ امت کا ماتم
علیا حضرت سلطان جہان بیگم سابق فرمانرواے کشور بھوپال جن کے نامِ نامی کے ساتھ ہمیشہ قلم کو یہ لکھنے کی عادت تھی کہ خلداﷲ ملکھا، خدا ان کی حکومت ہمیشہ قائم رکھے، اب وہاں کوسدھاریں جہاں کی حکومت واقعاً ہمیشہ ہے، اﷲ تعالیٰ ان کو اپنی مغفرت کی لازوال دولت، اور اپنی رضا و خوشنودی کی غیر فانی سلطنت عطا فرمائے۔
علیا حضرت کی وفات ایک ایسا سانحہ ہے جس کا ماتم نہ صرف بھوپال، نہ صرف ہندوستان نہ صرف مسلمان بلکہ تمام دنیا کررہی ہے، اور کرے گی وہ نہ صرف اسلام کی بلکہ مشرق کی وہ آخری تاجدار خاتون تھیں جن کے کارناموں پرمرد سلاطین اور امراء بھی رشک کرسکتے ہیں، ان کا دور حکومت جو تیس ۳۰ سال سے کم نہیں رہا بھوپال کی تاریخ کا زرین عہد ہے۔
سلطانہ مرحومہ مشرقی و مغربی تعلیم و تمدن کا ایسا مجمع البحرین تھیں، جو آج مصلحین امت کا آئیڈیل ہے، اُن کی مشرقی تعلیم پوری اور مغربی واقفیت بقدر ضرورت تھی، وہ نہ صرف فرمانرواتھیں، بلکہ ہندوستانی خواتین کی رہنما مسلمانوں کی واحد یونیورسٹی کی رئیسۂ علیا، مذہبی تعلیم کی سب سے بڑی حامی، مذہبی علوم و فنون کی سب سے بڑی سرپرست ہندوستان کی معتدل نسوانی اصلاحات کی سب سے بڑی مبلغ، مسلمان عورتوں میں سب سے بڑی کثیرالتصانیف اور سب سے بہتر مقررہ، لیکن ان ہر قسم کے انتظامی، اصلاحی، ملکی، علمی اور تعلیمی کارناموں سے بڑھ کر اُن کا حقیقی شرف، اُن کی مذہبی گرویدگی، دینی عقیدت اور ایمانی جوش و ولولہ تھا۔
وہ ہر قومی و مذہبی و علمی تحریک پر سب سے پہلے لبیک کہتی تھیں، اور اُس کے لئے عملی قدم اٹھاتی تھیں، مسلم یونیورسٹی، مدرسۂ دیوبند، دارالعلوم ندوہ، اور ووکنگ مشن چھوٹے بڑے بیسیوں تعلیمی...
Vaccines stability has a major role in the success of immunization programs and saves millions of lives every year. To stabilize vaccines cold chains are developed for storage and transport, as efficiency of vaccines is hampered if they are not kept under proper temperature. Aluminum is used for making vaccine thermostable. The development of vaccine formulation is a critical part of overall development cycle of approving, testing and producing new vaccines. However, Liquid vaccine formulation is still preferred over dry formulation because of ease in using, packaging and manufacturing. Other approaches have been used to make vaccine thermostable. This study demonstrates those processes, used to develop thermo-sensitive vaccines into thermostable vaccine and also describes vaccine formulation designing and use of heat shock protein including mHSP70 and mHSP65 to generate innate and adaptive immune response.
The study was carried out to investigate the effectiveness of integrated and fragmented curriculum in development of basic skills at primary level. The main purpose of this study was to compare the relative effectiveness of integrated and fragmented curriculum in developing the basic skills of reading and writing at primary level. This was mixed method research in which both survey and experimental methods were used to achieve the objectives. Pretest posttest control group design was used to conduct the experimental study.First a survey was conducted to get the opinion of the teachers of primary education about current (fragmented) curriculum and the need of an integrated curriculum at primary level through a self developed questionnaire. The researcher developed integrated curriculum model for English by combining content of English and Social Studies and integrated curriculum model for Urdu by combining the content of Urdu and Islamiat by adopting multidisciplinary approach. While developing these models teachers'' opinion about integrated curriculum was given importance. Lesson plans were prepared by the researcher according to the model to teach the students of primary level. In order to measure the performance of the students'' teacher made achievement tests were prepared by the researcher. A try out of developed integrated curriculum model, lesson plans, teacher-made achievement test and questionnaire was taken in. The validity of the developed instrument was checked through expert opinion. This experimental work was carried out for sixteen weeks in Islamabad Model School I-9/4 Islamabad. Population of the survey study was the teachers of primary education of the schools of Islamabad city and the students of the class IV. Seventy six students were randomly selected from class IV for experiment. Students were assigned to experimental and control group after pre test. Experimental group was taught through integrated curriculum while control group was taught through traditional (fragmented) curriculum. After the completion of the experimental period post test was administered. The data collected through questionnaire and teacher made achievement was analyzed using SPSS and applying percentage method, Chi-Square, and t-test. In order to compare mean scores of experimental and control group independent sample t-tests was applied. Chi-Square was used to examine the association among different variables of the questionnaire and percentage method was applied to check the frequency of respondents. The results of study revealed that integrated curriculum was more effective in developing the basic skills of reading and writing in students at primary level as compare to the traditional fragmented curriculum. The study also revealed that teachers of primary education were familiar with the concept of integrated curriculum and they are strongly in favour of introducing integrated curriculum at primary level.