پروفیسر انامری شمل
پروفیسر انامری شمل کی وفات علمی دنیا کا بڑا سانحہ ہے، ۲۷؍ جنوری کو اپنے گھر میں گرجانے کی وجہ سے ان کی وفات ہوگئی، وہ اس عہد کے ممتاز مستشرق تھیں، یورپ کی متعدد زبانوں کے علاوہ اردو، فارسی، عربی اور ترکی کی بھی ماہر تھیں، عربی میں ایک رسالہ بھی نکالا تھا اور قریباً ۵۰ کتابیں لکھیں۔
انہوں نے اپنی تمام عمر تحقیق اور علمی کاموں کے لیے وقف کردی تھی، مشرقی اور اسلامی علوم پر ان کی اچھی نظر تھی، ہندوستان کئی بار تشریف لائیں اور یہاں کے اصحاب علم و ذوق کو ان سے استفادے کا موقع ملا، اورینٹل اسٹڈیز میں انہوں نے جہاں مختلف مشرقی زبانوں پر کام کیا تھا وہاں اردو، غالب اور اقبال بھی ان کے مرکز توجہ رہے، ان کی وفات سے مشرقی زبانوں اور اردو کا بڑا نقصان ہوا، اس خلاَ کا پُر ہونا مشکل ہے۔
(ضیاء الدین اصلاحی، مارچ ۲۰۰۳ء)
Last revelation namely al- Quran has addressed the human beings in an eloquent way using all types of expressions and diction. The divine method of articulation for holy commandments is miraculous and opts all appealing techniques of communications that also includes use of homographs and metaphors. The word that are spelled the same but have different meaning are called Homographs. The reciter andreader of the Quran faces some difficulty in deciding the meaning of a Homographs used in the Quran that leads to difference of opinions. In the books of Quranic Sciences this term is called Mushtarak al –Lafzi. The article has been aimed to elaborate what is Mushtarak al –Lafzi and what are the impact of vagueness originated from these words of the Quran on Quranic exegesis. Some examples have been produced fromthe books of Quranic Studies regarding its influence on exegetical literature.
Optimization of surface roughness has been one of the primary objectives in most of the machining operations. Poor control on the desired surface roughness generates non conforming parts and results in increase in cost and loss of productivity due to rework or scrap. Surface roughness value is a result of several process variables among which vibration is of great significant. In this study, experimentation was carried out to investigate the effect of vibrations, forced and self excited, on surface roughness. For forced vibration, variable used to represent machine tool’s condition was vibration amplitude. Input parameters used, besides vibration amplitude, were feed rate and insert nose radius. Cutting speed and depth of cut were kept constant. Based on Taguchi orthogonal array, a series of experimentation was designed and performed on AISI 1040 carbon steel bar at default and induced machine tool’s vibration amplitudes in external turning operation. Analysis of variance, ANOVA, revealed that vibration amplitude and feed rate had moderate effect on the surface roughness and insert nose radius had the highest significant effect on the surface roughness. It was also found that a machine tool with low vibration amplitude produced lower surface roughness. Insert with larger nose radius produced lower surface roughness at low feed rate. The optimum conditions obtained through Taguchi were found in reasonable agreerment to those obtained with full factorial design through Genetic Algorithm. Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering Secondly, experiments related to self excited vibration in internal turning operation were selected. Taguchi method was employed to minimize the surface roughness by investigating the rake angle effect in boring performed on a CNC lathe. The control parameters included, in addition to rake angle, were insert nose radius, cutting speed, depth of cut, and feed rate. Slight tool wear was taken as a noise factor. Based on Taguchi Orthogonal Array L18, a series of experiments were designed and performed on AISI 1018 steel. It was found that tool with a high positive rake angle and smaller insert nose radius produced lower surface roughness value due to low cutting forces generated. It was also revealed that high feed rate and low cutting speed has produced the lowest surface roughness. Key words: turning; optimization; Taguchi; surface roughness; vibration amplitude, ANOVA