خلع فسخ نکاح ہے یا طلاق فقہائے کرام کی آراء کا تجزیاتی مطالعہ Whether Khula is Dissolution of Marriage or Divorce Critical Analysis of the Views of Islamic Jurists

Islam is an entire way of life. It illuminates every facet of daily existence. There is no problem for which Islam has not provided a remedy. Every aspect of beliefs and ethics, including human affairs, has also been examined. Islam is the only religion on earth that can be compared the height of Western culture and civilization. People have become its slavish disciples in the most literal sense. To stay up with the rest of the world, they are creating new interpretations of Islam for this reason. Accepted wisdom is a benefit, but only within the bounds of Sharia. Otherwise, it is Shaytan's legacy. ۔(شیطان) One of the most significant and crucial stages in a person's life is the nikah. It is expressly covered in the Qur'an and Hadith. It is created necessary for sustaining human existence. It is referred to as the culmination of human life and one of the Prophet's (ﷺ) required Sunnas. However, one of the most despised actions is the dissolution of a marriage. Islam, however, differs from other faiths. It contains the entire procedure/laws for dissolving a marriage. The appropriate discussion of Talaq and Khula is illustrated by the jurists' use of Estihsan and Qayas. Recent years have seen various crises and a collapse in Pakistani society. Smear and family system disturbance are the main issues among them. "Nikkah" is the fundamental element of a family system; in reality, a family system is based on Nikkah. If this Nikkah is intact, the entire family system is stable; nevertheless, if this Nikkah is broken, not only is the family system traumatised, but the entire society begins to suffer. The summary of this thesis explains that the Islamic Ideological Council's recommendations have been reviewed in light of the non-Sharia practises of the judicial authorities in relation to Khula and judicial powers related to Khula, as well as an analytical study of the remarks and opinions of commentators and jurists, including future jurists, regarding Khula. Key Words: Khul‘a, Judicial Khul‘a, Tansīkh e Nikaḥ, Divorce, ‘Īddat.

Fixed Frequency Sliding Mode Control for Power Electronic Converters

In the modern era of industrialization, power electronic converters have gained key importance due to their wide range of applications such as; use in arc furnaces, in duction heating systems, variable speed drives of motors, power supplies of various electronic systems, fluorescent lamps, elevators and cooling systems. Furthermore, the low-cost proliferation of power electronic devices due to the technological de velopments in the semiconductor industry has made them an attractive choice for integrating renewable energy resources. They are the essential and integral part of the systems providing solutions to issues like voltage sag, swell, frequency reg ulation, current sharing among different renewable energy resources, power factor correction and voltage regulation in different types of micro-grids. In all the above-mentioned applications, the robustness of the system under dif ferent load and line conditions depend upon the control algorithm of the power electronic converters. This is why the research in the field of power electronics has been focused on the control of power converters during the last decade. Among different types of control techniques, Sliding Mode Control (SMC) is renowned for its disturbance rejection and parameter invariant nature which makes it an irre sistible choice for controlling such systems. However due to physical constraints of the switching components, ideal condition of infinite frequency cannot be sat isfied. This causes the system to operate at finite but time varying switching frequency which is a serious issue for power electronic converters as they consist of passive components whose size and value depends upon the switching frequency. Moreover, the time varying switching frequency degrades the power quality and causes electromagnetic interference (EMI) issues in case of grid connected power converters. In the first phase of this research, a fixed frequency sliding mode controller uti lizing an integral sliding manifold is designed to improve the dynamic response of the power converter regulating the grid voltage, in the presence of unknown x load condition and uncertain network parameter of the micro-grid. A special purpose test rig is designed to experimentally validate the results in comparison with conventional PI controllers. In the second phase of the research, the power quality issues regarding DC micro grids are addressed. Power quality issues have been widely discussed regarding AC power systems but discussion regarding DC power quality in micro-grids is rare in research community because in past power transmission was carried out using AC systems only. However, in the recent years DC grids and transmission has emerged as an attractive solution to integrate renewable energy resources. Hence, to enhance the power quality, a fixed frequency SMC is proposed with harmonic cancellation and chattering reduction, using a PI type sliding manifold. Experimental results are presented to validate the theoretical derivations using the test rig. Finally, a new method based upon filter extraction of the equivalent control is proposed to fix the switching frequency in power converters controlled by SMC. The technique is implemented on a boost converter and the results are presented in comparison with PWM-SMC. Rigorous mathematical analysis is provided along with experimental results to validate the proposed technique.