پنڈت برجموہن دتاتریہ کیفی ؔ
پچھلے دنوں یہ خبر ہندوپاک کے ادبی حلقوں میں انتہائی حزن وملال کے ساتھ سنی گئی کہ اردو زبان کے نامور ادیب ومحقق پنڈت برجموہن دتاتریہ کیفی ؔ اپنے وطن غازی آباد میں ۹۱ سال کی عمر میں انتقال کرگئے۔آپ قبل از تقسیم انجمن ترقی اردو حیدرآباد ثم دہلی کے روح ورواں اور مولوی عبدالحق کے دستِ راست تھے۔ جتنے بڑے شگفتہ نگار، ادیب اورصاحبِ قلم تھے اتنے ہی بلند پایہ زبان و ادب کے محقق ومبصر تھے۔جو کچھ لکھتے تھے کافی غوروفکر اورمطالعہ کے بعد بڑے رکھ رکھاؤ کے ساتھ لکھتے تھے۔انجمن ترقی اردو کے سہ ماہی رسالہ’’ اردو‘‘ میں اور ہفتہ وار اخبار ’’ہماری زبان‘‘ میں پنڈت جی کے مقالات بڑی دلچسپی کے ساتھ پڑھے جاتے تھے۔ان کی تصانیف میں ’’منشورات‘‘ اور’’کیفیہ‘‘ خاص طور پر بہت اہم کتابیں ہیں۔جن میں زبان و ادب کے مختلف مباحث پر بڑی محققانہ اور بصیرت افروز گفتگو کی گئی ہے اور بعض بڑے اہم نکات بیان کیے گئے ہیں۔
اردو کے ساتھ ان کو محبت نہیں عشق تھا اس کے لیے وہ بڑی سے بڑی قربانی کرنا اپنا فرض جانتے تھے۔ تقسیم کے بعد اس ملک میں اردو کی بے کسی دیکھ دیکھ کرانھیں بڑا ملال ہوتا تھا۔تاہم اس کے مستقبل کی طرف سے وہ مایوس نہیں تھے اوران کویقین تھاکہ جس طرح ہردرخت اپنی زمین میں ہی پھلتا پھولتا اور بڑھتا ہے۔ اسی طرح اردوزبان اس دیس کی زبان ہے وہ یہاں جتنی ترقی کرسکتی ہے کسی دوسرے ملک میں نہیں کرسکتی ۔اترپردیش میں اردو کوعلاقائی زبان بنانے کی تحریک کے سلسلہ میں جو دستخطی مہم ہوئی تھی۔کیفیؔ صاحب نے اس میں عملاً بڑی سرگرمی سے حصّہ لیا ۔پیہم علالت، امتدادِسن اورضعف کے باوجود وہ اردو کاکام کرنے سے کبھی نہیں تھکتے اوراُکتاتے تھے ۔
یوں بھی بحیثیت انسان کے بڑی خوبیوں کے...
It is an established fact that the mainthrust driving force of all Islamic disciplines is the personality of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) who appeared in the Arab Peninsula, spreading the rays of divine wisdom throughout the globe. He emerged and prevailed the Prophetic message in such a vivid style that the whole humanity confessed his lasting impressions. The Indian sub-continent has also been one of the impressed territories despite of having no direct social, cultural or religious relationships, yet some approaches from Indian sub-continental Rajas and presentations of gifts to the Prophet (PBUH) have been recorded in the history. Historians have expressed the reality that before Muhammad bin Qasim, a numbers of companions of Prophet reached India and played a pivotal role in making the suitable ground for embracing Islam. Hence, the Arab epistemological tradition engraved in the core of Indian hearts which consequently, reappeared and emerged in the classical exegetical literature of sub-continental scholars, such as Shah Waliullah and his off shoots both in India and Pakistan. This paper has been specifically articulated to explore the Arab impression on exegetical writings in the sub-continent
The cotton whitefly, Bemisia tabaci Genn. and Two-Spotted Spider Mites (TSSM), Tetranychus urticae Koch are emerging as important sucking pests of cotton crop. The indiscriminate use of pesticides against insect pests have resulted in the development of resistance among these pests as well as environmental and health hazards. The use of microbial control agents is an important approach to combat this menace. The present study was therefore, carried out to determine the efficacy of some strains of entomopathogenic fungi viz., Metarhizium anisopliae, Isaria fumosorosea, Lecanicillium muscarium and Beaveria bassiana against all immature stages of whitefly and eggs and adult females of TSSM in the Department of Entomology at University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan and Department of Pure and Applied Ecology, Swansea University, Swansea U.K. for the bioassays on whitefly. The potential of various entomopathogenic fungi was evaluated on 2 nd instar nymphs of whitefly and four of them were found promising. The detailed studies were carried out on other immature stages of whitefly with the promising strains. The dose- mortality response was observed by using serial dilutions, 1×10 5 to 1×10 8 conidia mL -1 against most susceptible stage using detached leaf immersion method for whitefly and spraying the detached leaf for bioassay with TSSM. All tested fungal isolates caused mortality in the tested stages of both insects under consideration except eggs of whitefly for which very low susceptibility was observed. The L. muscarium (V17) isolate was highly virulent among the tested ones for whitefly nymphs while Pf (n32) isolate was highly virulent against both the stages of TSSM. The mortality of each stage was recorded daily up to 8 days for both the insects under study. The % mortality significantly differed based on fungal isolates, stage of the insect and conidial concentrations. The % mortality increased with increasing the dose of conidial concentration of each fungal isolate in each insect. For whitefly, the most virulent isolate, (V17) has LC 50 value of 1.9×10 5 conidia mL -1 and it killed about 89.58 % of the treated second instar nymphs 8 days post treatment while its LT 50 value at higher concentration is 4.03 days. For TSSM, the most virulent isolate was Pf (n32) with lowest LC 50 value of 9.1 × 10 4 conidia mL -1 on 8 th day and LT 50 value of 4.58 days at 1×10 8 conidia mL -1 . It killed about 82.16 % of the inoculated females 8 days post treatment. The xresults indicated that L. muscarium and I. fumosorosea strains have potential as microbial control agent against cotton whitefly and mites, respectively, in Pakistan. The studies were also carried out to determine the LC 50 values and also efficacy of some commercial insecticides and acaricides against whitefly and TSSM in the laboratory. Four different insecticides were evaluated in the lab against 2 nd instar nymphs of whitefly on cotton. All the tested insecticides caused significant mortality of whitefly from 3-5 days post treatment. However, the most effective insecticides for whitefly, up to 5 days were Mospilon ® and Confidor ® with very low LC 50 values while others were also equally effective but with high LC 50 values. Similarly, the chlorfenapyr 36 SC, pyridaben 15 EC and fenpyroximate 5 SC proved to be the best miticides among the tested ones for the control of TSSM based on their LC 50 values. The nine commercial pesticides and their effects on germination of conidia and mycelial growth of highly efficacious fungal strains viz., I. fumosorosea and L. muscarium were investigated in vitro. There was a significant variation in conidial germination as well as mycelial growth by all tested pesticides depending upon the dose of pesticide and type of fungus. Among the pesticides tested azocyclotin was proved to be highly toxic to germination of spores as well as mycelial growth followed by pyridaben, acetamiprid and propergite while buprofezin was the least toxic. Isaria was proved to be more sensitive at field recommended doses than Lecanicillium strain to all pesticides. Generally, among all pesticides used the insecticides were more compatible to fungi than acaricides although these also inhibited germination of spores and fungal growth to some extent. The combined application of pesticides with selective fungi proved to be synergistic giving more control than used alone. The combined effects were tested under greenhouse conditions on potted plants. Buprofezin, acetamiprid, imidacloprid and diafenthuron were used against 2 nd instar nymphs of whitefly while chlorfenapyr, pyridaben and fenpyroximate were used against TSSM. Only buprofezin and imidacloprid insecticides showed synergistic effects and others additive while no one showed antagonistic results. Chlorfenapyr combined with fungus yielded highest mortality among acaricides tested. However, further investigations under field conditions may reveal more comprehensive results.