25. Al-Furqan/The Criterion
I/We begin by the Blessed Name of Allah
The Immensely Merciful to all, The Infinitely Compassionate to everyone.
25:01
Blessed is the One WHO has sent down The Criterion on to HIS Servant,
so that he may be a warner to humankind - to all conscious beings against the consequences of its disobedience.
25:02
It is HE to WHOM belongs the Sovereignty over the celestial realm and the terrestrial world.
And HE has never taken to HIMSELF a son/child,
nor has HE any partner in the Sovereignty.
HE created/creates everything and measured/measures their proportion exactly.
25:03
Yet they have taken to worship entities other than HIM -
those entities cannot create anything, while they are themselves created, and
they have no power to harm or benefit anyone, not even to themselves, and
they have no power over death, nor over life, nor over raising the dead to life - the Resurrection.
25:04
And those who disbelieve allege:
‘This - the Qur’an – is nothing but a fabrication.
He - Muhammad - has forged it, and some other people helped him with it.’
In fact, by alleging this they have done great injustice and committed a great blunder and
a perjury.
25:05
And they also allege:
These are just ‘ancient tales!’
He has had them written down,
and these are dictated to him by morning and evening in order to memorize and then narrate it further.
25:06
Say O The Prophet:
‘This - Qur’an - is being sent down onto me - by the One WHO Knows the secrets of the celestial realm and the terrestrial world.
Surely,...
This writing discusses the health assessment of Sharia Banks. The legal basis for regulating the health assessment of Sharia Banks (BUS and BPRS) refers to the regulations of the Law, PP, PBI, POJK, and BI, as well as OJK circulars. The article explains the RGEC assessment of Sharia Banks, using a qualitative approach with a literature study research design. This writing presents a literature review of various sources related to assessing the health of Sharia Banks, the legal basis of BUS and BPRS, and RGEC. The discussion explains that bank health assessment reflects the bank's performance and is the result of assessing the bank's condition to overcome risks and improve performance. The logical structure and causal connections between statements ensure a clear and balanced presentation of the topic. The health assessment of Sharia Commercial Banks (BUS) is regulated by Law Number 21 of 2008 concerning Sharia Banking. According to this law, banks are required to maintain their level of soundness. Article 1, paragraph 6 of POJK No. 8 of 2014 pertains to the evaluation of the soundness level of sharia commercial banks and sharia units. The health assessment of Sharia Rural Banks (BPRS) is regulated by Bank Indonesia Regulation No.9/17/PBI/2007, which is based on the Health Assessment System Rural Credit Bank using Sharia Principles. The RGEC method is an advancement of the CAMELS method. The RGEC method involves inherent risks, and quality risk management is applied to bank operations across eight factors: credit risk, market risk, liquidity risk, operational risk, legal risk, strategic risk, compliance risk, and reputation risk.
The present dissertation embodies research work pertaining to two broad categories of groundwater flow problems, i.e. identification of parameters and simulation of groundwater flow. The first category, i.e. the identification problems, researched and presented in this dissertation include: identification of aquifer parameters i.e. Storage coefficient, S, and Transmissivity, T; and identification of well hydraulic parameters i.e. the formation loss coefficient, entry loss coefficient and turbulence loss coefficient. In the first attempt, a formulation is developed in framework of Genetic Algorithm (GA) and a computer model is developed, which inversely and optimally identifies aquifer parameters, Transmissivity and Storativity. The model and its formulation are validated by comparing the model results with the ones obtained through the Theis conventional approach and also with the prototype data. Minimization of the objective function logically convinces towards substantiation of the solution obtained in the framework of GA technique. Next, an optimal identification of the well hydraulic parameters, i.e., formation loss coefficient, entry loss coefficient, turbulence loss coefficient, and eventually determination of well efficiency, is achieved. Jacob’s equation is formulated in the framework of GA, which ultimately resulted in the development of a computer model coded in C ++ language. The parameters are identified through minimization of an objective function. Moreover, validity of the model is also endorsed on the basis of xixstatistical analysis while comparing simulated drawdowns against the observed ones. Through the present research, Jacob and Singh’s assumptions for constant value of turbulence loss coefficient is found misleading; whereas, Rorabaugh and Todd’s opinion is ascertained. Hence, it may be concluded that, the formulation made in the sense of GA technique and the computer model developed in this study, are valid enough to use. Under the second category, i.e. simulation of groundwater flow, firstly a two- dimensional simulation of steady-state groundwater flow in an unconfined aquifer is carried out. A computer model in the framework of FEM is developed, coded in FORTRAN language, and applied to a real field problem consisting of two- dimensional horizontal domain for prediction of piezometric heads, flow field under the most drought period of the year. The results are substantiated on the basis of minimization of residuals between observed and simulated piezometric heads at the Dirichlet points. Furthermore, the model estimates the effective lift and accordingly a tubewell zoning map is prepared, which is deemed to be a good tool for guidance of irrigation practitioners to opt for appropriate tubewell technology by signifying the proper locations. Lastly, a two-dimensional equation of mass conservation; governing saturated groundwater flow under transient conditions in a confined aquifer is simulated with source or sink terms by developing a computer model, coded in FORTRAN language, in the framework of FEM. While employing FEM in spatial sense, weighted residual technique is used as per Galerkin’s approach; whereas time derivative is solved by using interpolation functions and lumped element type scheme of Crank-Nicholson. xxThe model is implemented to a real field problem consisting of two-dimensional horizontal domain together with a sink penetrating fully into a confined aquifer for prediction of piezometric heads (equipotential lines) and thereby by formation of cone of depression, distribution of flow field signifying stream lines with velocity vectors and determination of the radius of influence of the well when it achieves stationary condition. The simulated results are substantiated on the basis of minimization of residuals between observed and simulated piezometric heads. Performance of the model, tested statistically, rank the model very satisfactory.