مقاصد الإسلام في تحقيق السلام

This research focused on highlighting the purposes of Islam in achieving peace. This paper explains how Islam is the religion of peace and security for the worlds. Its provisions, legislations and purposes ensured all mankind the right to security and security of all kinds: Psychological security, financial security, social security and other types of security which ensure that humanity can live in peace. This is without any kind of these securities being subjected to any slight aggression, sabotage, deprivation or injustice, and if any of that happens then it would be a manifestation of violence and terrorism that is neither accepted nor recognized by Islam which is the religion of peace. The research has shown that Islam has preceded all international laws and norms with respect to the legalization of human rights in peace and war times alike and the sanctioning of those who violate them in this world and in the Hereafter. This is done with supporting evidence from the Quran, the Sunnah, the work of the leaders of Muslim Ummah throughout the Islamic centuries, and the testimonies of non-Muslims who have lived the mercy of Islam and come to know the observance of Islam of human rights. The aims of the research are: To demonstrate the legitimate purposes that Islam has brought to preserve human dignity and security. To show the precedence and superiority of Islamic law in the field of human rights care. To highlight the rich Islamic heritage of human values and civilization through the rules of humanitarian dealing in Islamic jurisprudence in war and peace, and the contributions of the purposes of the Sharia in the development of rules for the preservation of rights and freedoms.

Evaluation of Methanogenic Potential and Parameter Analysis of Solid Waste Biomass.

Anaerobic digestion is a process of conversion of organic biomass into bio-methane and bio-hydrogen. Bioenergy has enough potential to compete with other sources of energy. Plenty of produced agricultural waste in Pakistan is enough to compensate energy thirst of the country and have potential to replace costly fossil fuels. This study aims to examine the physico-chemical properties of lignocellulosic and organic solid wastes as well as bio-methane/bio hydrogen potential. The lignocellulosic biomasses such as wheat bran, cotton waste, barley straw, lentil straw, rice bran, peanut peel straw, wheat straw, almond shell, bagasse, corn straw, corn cob, newspaper waste, para grass, kallar grass, rice straw and some other organic solid wastes were subjected to bio-methane potential assays by developed inoculum. The chemical compositions of biomasses such as neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre, acid detergent lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose, carbohydrates, proteins and ultimate analyses were determined. The results of analyses has shown that no pretreatment was required to adjust physical characteristics. The proximate, ultimate and chemical composition analyses were used to predict the theoretical bio-methane potentials in silico. Experimental bio-methane potential of lignocellulosic biomasses were 267.7 (wheat straw), 255.3 (almond shell), 222.2 (corn cob), 247.6 (sugar cane bagasse), 293.2 (maize straw), 292.2 (wheat bran), 317.6 (cotton waste), 216.9 (barley straw), 279.1 (lentil straw), 269.6 (rice bran), 255.7 (peanut peel straw), 187.4 (newspaper waste), 281.5 (para grass), 289.9 (kallar grass) and 302.4 (rice straw) ml/g VS (volatile solid). These experimental bio-methane potential of lignocellulosic biomasses were much less than predicted bio-methane potentials. Prediction of bio-methane potentials was not as fit accurately as being assessed for methane potential of biomasses. It merely provided the extent of biodegradability. The biodegradability and methane potential were inversely related to the lignin content of lignocellulosic biomasses. Both biodegradability and bio-methane potentials of solid organic wastes i.e. 426.8 (kitchen waste), 461.9 (fruit wastes) and 444.4 (vegetable wastes) ml/g VS (volatile solid) were higher as compared to xvii lignocellulosic biomasses due to absence of lignin component. The developed inoculum reduced digestion time of organic solid wastes as compared to lignocellulosic biomasses. During anaerobic digestion of lignocellulosic and organic wastes, the volatile fatty acids were produced varied from 53-58% acetic acid, 30-35% butyric acids and 6-13% propionic acid. The relative percentage of volatile fatty acids indicated that similar type of metabolic pathways were involved in digestion process. The nitrogen-rich chicken manure and carbon-rich rotten potatoes were co-digested by the bio-methane potential assay. Co-digestion of chicken manure and rotten potatoes has yielded significantly higher bio-methane potential i.e. 304.5 (mixture of equal percentage), 341.2 ml/g VS (volatile solid) (mixture of one-third chicken manure) as compared to mono-digestion of chicken manure and rotten potatoes 226.1 and 291.1 ml/g VS (volatile solid), respectively. It is because of balanced carbon to nitrogen ratio in co-digestion of mixtures. The energy content on a dry basis and methane potential has been assessed to find economic feasibility of biomass and higher potential in methane as compared to dry mass of biomasses. Hence, bioenergy production from biomass is economically favorable. The bio-hydrogen in addition to bio-methane is another gaseous fuel. The bio-hydrogen produced from a different type of food waste by pure and mixed cultures. These food wastes yielded high hydrogen potential on pure cultures digestion as compared to mixed culture. The order of hydrogen potential was Bacillus sp. 2.8> Bacillus sp. 2.5> mixed cultures. Bio-methane and hydrogen are economically feasible, high energy fuel and have potential to replace fossil fuel. The process can be optimized to generate maximum bioenergy from the lignocellulosic and organic solid waste biomasses.