زنا کے معاشرتی اثرات اور حد کی تنفیذ کا نبوی منہج: تجزیاتی مطالعہ

Adultery, immorality and sexual misconduct is a major crime, which has been condemned in all previous legislations sent by Allah, ancient nations, the bedouin tribes and in Islamic law. The religion of Islam not only forbids adultery, rather it prohibits going even near the causes leading to it. From medicinal point of view, adultery may cause AIDS, herpes etc. The word “zina” means to have sexual relationship without a marriage contract. Its synonyms in Arabic are: al bigha, al safah, al anat, and al fahisha.  Islam imposes punishment on unmarried people committing adultery. According to Imam al shaf’i, the punishment is one hundred lashes for both man and the woman, and exile for one year. Whereas Imam Abu Hanifa only imposes one hundred lashes. For a married adulterer, the punishment is hundred lashes and death by stoning. Rest of the jurists unanimously agree that they will only be stoned to death. Majority of the scholars agree that if a concubine commits adultery, she will be giving fifty lashes. According to Saeed bin Musayyib, she will be beaten in order to teach her decent manners. In order to impose the punishment of zina on someone, it will be ensured that the adulterer is an adult, the woman should not be from a country who is at war with the Muslims, she is alive and the adultery has taken place in a Muslim country. Among the the repulsive results of adultery are spread of sexually transmitted diseases, increase in number of illegitimate children, lesser percentage of legitimate children and increase in crimes. One of the factors pointing towards the prohibition of zina is that it has been   forbidden since early Islam and a severe punishment has been imposed on it. Of the vices of zina is the mixing up of lineages.  Our society today is flooded with immoral behaviour, which is endangering our “iman” and “yaqeen” and is driving our society towards destruction. This wave of immorality has reached the elite of the society and it is obligatory upon every individual to put his share in stopping it.

Biodiversity of Soil Macroinvertebrates in Low and High Input Fields of Wheat Triticum Aestivum L. and Sugarcane Saccharum Officinarum L. in District Faisalabad

Pakistan experienced profound and accelerating ecological changes resulting from rapid human population growth rate. But, the development syndrome that we are witnessing today, together with the current interest in sustainable development, food production systems and biodiversity conservation bring into focus the soil, which underpins all major developments. Soil processes are important for maintaining normal nutrients cycling in ecosystem including agro- ecosystem. Plant growth rate is dependent on the microbial immobilization and soil food web interaction to mineralize nutrients. In natural ecosystems, the process of immobilization and mineralization are tightly coupled to plant growth but in chemically disturbed systems like crop systems, this coupling may be lost or reduced. Nutrients may be no longer retained within the system. Measuring such disrupted systems of intensive chemical farming may allow determination of a problem long before the sustainability of the farming is altered and the natural production potential is lost leading humans at stake. By monitoring soil organism’s dynamics and detecting detrimental changes in soil profile, crop systems may be saved from further degradation. Thus the present study is aimed at knowing the effects of high input (with use of chemicals) farming on the soil macro-invertebrates among two of the major crops, sugarcane and wheat, in district Faisalabad. Soil samples were collected and soil macroinvertebrates were identified from both crops. Three microhabitats within each crop were sampled to know the effect of phytomorphic heterogeneity on the fauna. Species richness and evenness of the two crop systems was described. The probable role and interactions of various macro-organisms has also been explored.