دور حاضر میں کرنسیوں کے ادھار خرید و فروخت کا شرعی جائزہ

Foreign Exchange trading is when you buy and sell foreign currencies to generate profit. In our age of advance technology even the virtual or digital currencies have now emerged. This entire business however is mostly based upon speculation and prediction. Even the most skilled and experienced traders face difficulty in predicting movements in currencies. Further, the value of not well established currencies can fluctuate or its exchange rate value can change any time. In view of occupying central place in the economic systems down the ages, Muslim scholars have also vehemently discussed currency, its significanc and matters relating to it in transactions. The present article reviews trading of foreign currencies from Islamic perspective in a situation when no cash is involved in the transaction. The article concludes that as the currencies in such transactions are different commodities, therefore their trade is legal.

Exploring the Leadership Practices of Effective Teacher Leaders at a Private and a Public Secondary School in Giltgit-Baltistan

This study was conducted in two secondary schools, one belonging to a public and the other belonging to a private school system, in Gilgit-Baltistan. The primary participants of this study were four teacher leaders, two males and two females. I selected them through purposive sampling. Moreover, two groups of students, two community members and two head teachers from both the schools were selected as secondary participants. I used the qualitative case study methodology to explore the practices of participant teachers in the classroom, school and community through in- depth interviews, focus group discussions and classroom observations. These multiple data sources allowed me to explore the practices of participant teachers in the three realms. The key findings of the study suggest that in their classrooms, participant teachers strive to promote in- depth student learning using student-centred teaching as well as innovative methods of teaching and building close relationship with the students. In the school, they develop a cooperative and collegial environment by changing the existing practices and taking new initiatives such as teamwork and support. In the community realm, they try to develop a good relationship among the school, parents and the wider community. They develop linkages between parents, youth, management and school and also participate voluntarily in social services in the community for community development. In sum, implications of these findings for teachers, school or system are presented as recommendations. Teachers should develop a shared learning culture among their colleagues and develop a collaborative culture in the school and the management should provide teachers with the skills and knowledge necessary for continued instructional improvement which ultimately, enhances student learning.