کتبِ تفاسیر بالرائے میں اسباب النزول کی روایات سے استدلال کا منہج

Sabab al-Nuzūl (cause of revelation) in Qur'anic studies means the time, context, cause, and the situation in which Allah has revealed verses. There is no doubt that cause of revelation has an important role in the interpretation of Qur'an. There are many types of Tafsir in dealing with Asbab-e-Nazool. Many Muslim scholars consider the studying of Asbab-e-Nuzul and their related discussions as necessary. Some exegetes have written books studying the subject. The earliest and the most important work in this genre is undoubtedly Kitab asbab alNuzul ("Book of occasions of revelation") of Ali ibn Ahmad alWahidi (d. 1075 CE). Another important work is by alSuyuti (d. 1505 CE) which is a slight improvement of alWahidi's book. In this paper Descriptive Method and Comparative Study are used to analysis Traditions of Revelation and their effects on Tafseer literature. This paper proves the value of the causes of revelation in Quranic Interptation and describe the different approaches towards Asbab-e-Nazool in Tafseer Literature, and verification and authencity of traditions in the books of Tafsir Bilary.

Effects of 1-Trifluoromethoxyphenyl-3- 1-Propionylpiperidin-4-Yl Urea on Cardiovascular and Metabolic Dysfunctions in Obese and Diabetic Rodent Models

Obesity and diabetes are increasingly important public health problems across the world.Obesity is associated with higher risk for chronic diseases including cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. The increasing trend of diabetes and obesity is imposing a huge burden on health-care systems. Despite therapeutic management with conventional agents obesity and related cardiovascular and metabolic complications remain the major health concerns around the globe. The currently available drugs for obesity and diabetes are associated with multiple adverse effects. Therefore there is an urgent need to develop newer drugs, which are safe and effective. Soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) inhibitors offer a novel promising therapeutic target to manage diabetes, obesity and associated complications. Inhibition of soluble epoxide hydrolase increases epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) levels. EETs are epoxide derivatives formed from arachidonic acid by the action of cytochrome P450 (CYP) epoxygenases specially theCYP2C and CYP2J subfamilies thatmetabolize arachidconic acid to various EETs, such as 5,6-, 8,9-, 11,12-, and 14,15-EETs. EETs are important regulators of the cardiovascular system and have been shown to exert potent vasodilators, anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic, cardio protective and antioxidant effects. Growing number of evidences suggest the over activity of sEH in obesity and diabetes which leads to functional deficit of EETs in the body. Decreased level of EETs is implicated in pathophysiological mechanisms of obesity and diabetes associated complications. Stabilization of EETs through pharmacological inhibition of sEH or sEH deletion has been shown to have beneficial effects in various conditions including pain, inflammation, hypertension and ischemia. Based on diverse physiological role of EETs, the current project was aimed at evaluation of 1-trifluoromethoxyphenyl-3-(1-propionylpiperidine-4-yl) urea (TPPU), a novel soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitor (sEHI) against fructose induced diabetes and high fat diet–induced obesity in related cardiovascular and metabolic complicationsin rats. TPPUis the most potent soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitor, metabolically stable and having good pharmacokinetic profile. Although the potential of soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitor for the treatment of obesity related cardiovascular diseases and metabolic dysfunctions appear promising, it has not been fully established. The current study revealed that rats administered with fructose solution for 12 weeks developed classic symptoms of metabolic syndrome. Controlled rats fed on fructose showed tremendous increase in blood pressure, blood glucose and insulin levels as well as levels of TGs, cholesterol, LDLs were increased (P<0.001). There was significant increase of ALT, ALP, urea and uric acid levels in rats fed on fructose. Endothelium dysfunction was observed in fructose fed animal with attenuated response to acetylcholine.Animals that were fed on fructose and treated with TPPU (2 mg/kg p.o) for 12 weeks improved insulin resistance , decreased blood pressure, blood glucose levels and lowered serum cholesterol, TGs and LDL while HDL levels was elevated, compared to untreated control animals. The fructose induced endothelium dysfunction was also improved with TPPU treatement. The histopathology and immunohistochemistry results of the TPPU treated animals exhibited regenerative effect on ?-cells of the pancreas in diabetic rats. There was increase in the number of islet of langerhans in the pancreas of diabetic rats treated with TPPU compared with untreated rate. The Immunohistochemical staining with anti-insulin antibody confirmed a marked reduction in insulin secreting cells in diabetic untreated rats while TPPU treated group showed normal mass of secreting cells. The results of the present study revealed regeneration in the pancreatic ?-cells in diabetic rats treated with the TPPU (2 mg/kg p.o) for 12 weeks.The present work showed a significant increase in levels of serum liver enzymes (ALP, ALT) in the fructose-fed untreated animals which were significantly decreased in TPPU treated animals. The microscopic examination of the liver sections of diabetic untreated group exhibited great improvement of cellular architecture in the TPPU treated animals. In the present study, obesity was induced rats by feeding them on HFD (Cholesterol 40%, carbohydartes 40% and proteins 20%) for two months. Rats fed on HFD had considerable increase in their body weights compared to age-matched control animals fed on regular diet (Normal control). The increase in body weights of rats fed on HFD and simultaneously administered with TPPU (2 mg/kg p.o) for the two months was significantly decreased (P<0.01). There was also significant (P<0.01) increase in the systolic blood pressure of animals and vascular dysfunction with decreased relaxant response of vessels to acetylcholine and sodium nitroprussidein animals fed on HFD compared to control rats fed on regular diet. This increase in systolic blood pressure and vascular dysfunction was attenuated by TPPU treatment in animals fed on HFD. , In the present study, HDF caused significant increase in plasma creatinine levels (P<0.001) in animals compared to those fed on normal diet. The increased in plasma creatinine levels were inhibited in animals fed on HFD and treated with TPPU for two months. HFD-induced obesity is most commonly associated with systemic inflammation. The present study also investigated systemic inflammation by measurement of circulating obesity markers. The adiponectin plasma levels were highly decreased (P<0.001) in rats fed on HFD for two months compared to control rate fed on normal diet (p < 0.001).Adiponectin levels were increased in rats fed on HFD and treated with TPPU. Leptin resistance was also increased in obese animals associated with higher leptin levels inanimals fed on HFD compared to those fed on normal diet. The increase in leptin levels was significantly decreased in animals fed on HFD and treated with TPPU for two months.In the present investigation obese animals had increased levels of plasma insulin compared to the control animals fed on regular diet (normal control). This increase in insulin levels was significantly suppressed (P< 0.001) by TPPU treatment in rats fed on HFD. The other metabolic parameters such as plasma cholesterol, TGs, LDLs were increased and HDL decreased in obese animals fed on HFD compared to those fed a regular diet.HFD also caused tremendous increase in serum ALT and ALP. The increase in lipid levels was inhibited and HDL levels enhanced in animals fed on HFD and treated with TPPU. TPPU treatment also reversed HFD induced ALT and ALP abnormalities in rats caused by HFD treatment. The decrease in liver enzymes was also reflected in the finding from microscopic examination of the liver sections showing marked improvement in the liver architecture in animals fed on HFD and treated with TPPU compared to those treated with vehicle and fed on HFD. These findings indicate that TPPU could be potential new drug to manage obesity induced cardiovascular and metabolic complications. These findings indicate that therapeutic and/or preventive potentials of TPPU against fructose induced diabetes and HFD-induced obesity and the related cardiovascular and metabolic complications in rats.