غلام محمد صاحب (گورنر جنرل پاکستان)
افسوس ہے کہ غلام محمد صاحب گورنر جنرل پاکستان نے ایک طویل علالت کے بعد انتقال کیا، وہ نہ صرف اپنے عہدوں بلکہ دل و دماغ کے لحاظ سے بھی اس دور کے نامور لوگوں میں تھے، خصوصاً مالیات کے بڑے ماہر تھے، ایک زمانہ میں حکومت ہند اور ریاست حیدرآباد میں فنانس کے بڑے بڑے عہدوں پر ممتاز رہے تھے اور ہر جگہ اپنی مہارت فن کا ثبوت دیا، پاکستان کی گورنر جنرلی کے زمانہ میں ان کی سیاسی اور دماغی قابلیتیں نمایاں ہوئیں، چنانچہ انھوں نے بڑے نازک موقعوں پر پاکستان کی حکومت کو اپنی ہوشمندی اور قوت سے خطرات سے بچایا اور اس کے استحکام کی کوشش کی، گو ان کے بعض اقدام آمرانہ تھے، لیکن پاکستان جیسے ڈاواں ڈول سیاست والے ملک کے لیے ایسے ہی مضبوط لیڈر بلکہ ایک اچھے ڈکٹیٹر کی ضرورت ہے، اس کے بغیر اس کو استحکام نہیں ہوسکتا۔
ان کی قابلیتوں کے ساتھ ان کی ذات مختلف حیثیتوں سے بڑی غنیمت تھی، وہ پنجابی تھے لیکن ان کی تعلیم علی گڑھ میں ہوئی تھی، پھر ملازمت کے سلسلہ میں عرصہ تک دلی اور لکھنو میں رہے، اس لیے اس صوبہ کے لوگوں سے ان کے بڑے تعلقات تھے، پنڈت جواہر لال نہرو بھی ان کے دوستوں میں تھے، اس لیے قدرۃً اس کا اثر دونوں ملکوں کی سیاست پر بھی پڑتا تھا، چنانچہ غلام محمد صاحب مرحوم کی گورنر جنرلی کے زمانہ میں دونوں ملک ایک دوسرے کے بہت قریب آگئے تھے، جس کی توقع نئے اور اجنبی لوگوں سے نہیں ہوسکتی، مذہبی حیثیت سے راسخ العقیدہ بلکہ خوش عقیدہ مسلمان تھے، حج و زیارت سے بھی مشرف ہوئے تھے، حاجی وارث علی قدس سرہ سے ان کو بڑی عقیدت تھی، چنانچہ اپنی گورنر جنرلی کے زمانہ میں وہ ان کے مزار...
Aim To explore the apparent lack of personal concern for the welfare of others in China? To develop concepts to understand this social phenomena in natural settings using ethnographic and participatory research. Research Question How can the knowledge derived from qualitative research be used to improve the welfare of the poor in Shanghai? Ethics The study was carried out within the guidelines of the declaration of Helsinki. The study was characterised by anonymity, beneficence, non maleficence, and the maintainence of the dignity of participants Method Collection of data. The principle data source was “observation” spot observation”(Baksh 1990)”, participant observation”(Hammersley and Atkinson 1983)vignettes(Finch 1987, Sani Bin Gabi 1990), oral history(narrative) Conclusion The study was conducted ethically. It was a worthwhile study attempted to deal with current problems. The publication of this paper can be used to stimulate further enquiry into the problem of those in need of social welfare in Shanghai and China, in the hope it will improve services where they are needed. Suggested solutions In a country where intergenerational family ties are so strong and “guanxi” exists it is paradoxical there is little empathy for others. Confuscian values, changed family beliefs, and education at school and university may assist in increasing empathy. Learnt conditioning, to ignore or dissociate, from another human being in need of help, can be slowly overcome by implementing universal and improved changes in societal living conditions. This can be achieved by improving social welfare programs, spearheaded by a compassionate government. There is a view that it is an egregious and transparent fiction, to promulgate and publically promote, the philosophies and policies of communism, yet allow these curable social ills to remain. ”Rex ipsa Loquiter”. The healthy should help the sick, the rich should help the poor and the employed should help the unemployed, Proportionately, in accordance with what they have they should give. The promotion of a “ forward thinking, humane, listening and open society, rather than a closed, narrow, opaque, inward looking “weltanschaung” would assist societal reform. We “bystanders”, we must all try to imagine we are in the place of those in need, and feel aas they do, in their situation. We must follow the advice of Mencius (372-289BC) and develop and use “empathy” As Mencius said, ”a developed human heart is the basis of a moral life”
Industrial revolution has played a positive role in the economic growth and development but environment is affected negatively. This has led to the contamination of environment with toxic chemicals. Biodegradation of these harmful pollutants using microbes is strongly recommended as this is more efficient than other costly physicochemical processes. Current study was aimed to isolate indigenous bacteria capable of biodegrading toxic chemicals. For this purpose effluent samples were collected from Hattar Industrial Estate, Haripur, Pakistan and characterized. Initially, forty eight distinct bacterial isolates were obtained by plating on mixed metal nutrient agar medium supplemented with 200μg/ml each of chromium, lead, nickel salts. Further screening on solid agar medium both in rich and minimal medium (M9 and BH) supplemented with 12 different metal salts (Cr, Cu, Cd, As, Ag, Hg, Zn, Fe, Mn, Ni and Co) was done. Representatives of different classes of aromatic compounds including polyaromatic hydrocarbons phenanthrene (500-6000 μg/ml), biphenyl and naphthalene (1000-4000 μg/ml); petroleum hydrocarbons (1-3%) benzene, toluene, xylene; aromatic amines (1mM) aniline, chloroaniline; phenolic compounds (50-200μg/ml) phenol, p-nitrophenol, pentachlorophenol and azo dyes (50-100μg/ml) methyl orange, methyl yellow, methyl red, erichrome black T and congo red were used to determine the degradation potential of isolates. Results revealed that these bacteria had multiple heavy metal resistances. They were potentially able to utilize multiple hydrocarbons and azo dyes as carbon/ energy sources after degradation. Based on these tolerance/utilization profiles sixteen morphologically, physiologically and biochemically different isolates were chosen for metal remediation/ organic pollutant utilization/ degradation studies. Quantitative and qualitative investigation of transformation ability of these sixteen isolates for phenanthrene (1000mg/l), aniline (1mM), p-nitrophenol (50mg/l), pentachlorophenol (100mg/l) and azo dyes (50mg/l) congo red, methyl red was achieved by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), UV-visible spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Five potent strains were identified as Stenotrophomonas sp. MB339 (Acc No. KP723528), Staphylococcus sp. MB371 (Acc No. KP723530), Bacillus sp. MB366 (Acc No. KP723529), Klebsiella pneumoniae MB361 (Acc No. KP723532), Klebsiella pneumoniae MB373 (Acc No. KP723531) by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Among metal remediating strains, Staphylococcus MB371, Stenotrophomonas MB339, Klebsiella pneumoniae MB361 showed maximum accumulation of Pb, Cr and Ni (i.e. 75.33, 34.07, 54.98%), respectively at 37°C. In addition, these strains efficiently reduced more than 70% of 200mg/l Cr (VI) to Cr (III) and >90% of phenanthrene, p-nitrophenol, pentachlorophenol at different pHs (5-9) and temperature (25-45°C). In case of aniline up to 91% degradation was achieved by Bacillus MB366, Stenotrophomonas MB339, Klebsiella pneumoniae MB373 at pH 7, 37°C. While, Staphylococcus sp. MB371, Klebsiella pneumoniae MB361 were unable to use aniline at pHs 5, 6. Decolorization of methyl red (>75%) was achieved by all five strains within pH range 5-9 and 30-37°C. However, less or even no decolorization was observed at 45°C especially by Stenotrophomonas MB339. Complete genome sequence analysis of these five strains was done using Ilumina Miseq and annotated with IMG ER pipeline. Genomic features of strains were different from one another in many attributes like size, total number of genes, protein coding genes, rRNA genes and G+C content. Functional annotations depicted that these strains were highly diverse in their metabolism. Heavy metal resistance genes organized in operons for arsenic, copper, mercury were identified in Stenotrophomonas MB339, for arsenic in Staphylococcus MB371 and Bacillus MB366. While genes for metal (Cr, As) reductase, efflux pump and other membrane proteins (Co, Cd, Fe, Zn, Mn) were annotated in genomes of Klebsiella quasipneumoniae subsp. similipneumoniae MB373, Stenotrophomonas MB339, Staphylococcus MB371 and Bacillus MB366. Genome annotations indicated that these genomes have variety of metabolic pathways for xenobiotics degradation. Aromatic ring hydroxylating dioxygenase genes responsible for degradation of PNP, PCP, phenanthrene. While genes for FMN-dependent, NADH-azo reductase might be supportive for methyl red decolorization. For nitroaromatic compounds, nitroreductase genes were found in Klebsiella pneumoniae MB361, Stenotrophomonas MB339 and Bacillus MB366. Indigenous bacteria isolated from industrial effluents play a significant role to detoxify metals and transform variety of chemicals present in contaminated environment. Present study revealed the molecular mechanisms behind adaptability of these biotopes to changing environmental conditions. This detailed research comprising of analytical and molecular approaches, highlight the biodegradation potential of strains which paves way for future bioprospecting of the potential enzymes vital for biodegradation perspective.