35. Fatir/Creator
I/We begin by the Blessed Name of Allah
The Immensely Merciful to all, The Infinitely Compassionate to everyone.
35:01
a. The Praise and Gratitude is for Allah – The One and Only God of everyone and everything,
- Creator of the celestial realm and the terrestrial world without any precedent,
- The Appointer of the angels as message-bearers, with two and three and four pairs of
wings.
b. HE increases creation as and what HE Wills.
c. Indeed, Allah Manifests Sovereignty over all existence.
35:02
a. Whatever mercy and good fortune Allah may open up for a people, no one can or is able to hold it back, and
b. whatever of these HE may hold back, there is not one, who can or is able to give it after HIM deciding not to give,
c. for HE is The Almighty, The Wise.
35:03
a. O The People of the World!
b. Remember Allah’s blessings and favors upon you -
c. Is there any creator, other than Allah, who can provide for you sources of sustenance from the sky and the earth?
d. No. There can never be one!
e. There is no entity of worship –and can never be - apart from HIM.
f. How, then, can you be so self-deceiving?
35:04
a. And if they belie and deny you, O The Prophet, know that Messengers before you were
also belied and denied.
b. And ultimately all matters are to be referred to Allah for resolution.
35:05
a. O The People of the World!
b. Indeed, Allah’s Promise about the Hereafter is true,
c. therefore, do not be seduced by the worldly life,
Lane discipline has a major impact on traffic density, speed, and time headway. In this paper, three-dimensional (3D) centre lane marking is used to enforced lane discipline. Traffic congestion mitigated with three dimensional lane marking as the speed and headway increased. The Camlytics is used to observed the egress and ingress time. The statistics analysis noticed an increase in speed and headway after 3D lane marking. Gamma and Lognormal distributions are found the best fit for speed before and after 3D marking, respectively. Normal and Weibull distributions are the best fit for headway in the absence and presence of 3D lane markings, respectively. These distributions can be used for traffic flow characterization. This study recommends strictly enforcement of lane discipline to counter traffic congestion.
In this dissertation two categories of adaptive beamforming algorithms have been studied. In first category the adaptive beamforming has been applied for null steering whereas in second category it has been applied for direction of arrival mismatch problem to avoid performance degradation of the beamformers. New algorithms have been contributed in both categories. In case of first category a specific structure has been proposed which provides independent steering of all the available nulls present in the radiation pattern of an array antenna. The idea is based on decoupling of the complex weights employed with each antenna element to provide adaptively by controlling their values. This results in a proposed specific structure. The proposed structure is further improved by incorporating sidelobe suppression capability. Second Order Cone Programming has been used to get the appropriate set of weights to be utilized in the proposed structure. Similarly, the method for improving beam symmetry around the desired signal direction is also incorporated. These additional features are included over the cost of number of steerable nulls. A tailored Genetic Algorithm is proposed to compute the weight vector required to incorporate the proposed structure for beam symmetry. The second part of dissertation is meant for the second category of adaptive beamformers applied for direction of arrival mismatch problem. Performance of these beamformers degrades severely whenever there is a mismatch between the presumed and actual direction of desired signal impinging on an antenna array. A Robust Generalized Sidelobe Canceller has been proposed in this domain as remedial measure to restore the performance. The major advantage of proposed algorithm is that it provides improved results without broadening the main beam. This feature is an added advantage in comparison with the previously existing techniques. For this purpose the blocking matrix present in GSC has been modified without disturbing the quiescent weight vector. This results in robustness against signal look direction error without broadening the main beam. The simulation results confirm the improved performance of the beamformer. Another approach in this domain is based on diagonal loading of signal and data covariance matrices, involved in subsequent computations. The amount of this diagonal loading level is very critical which must not exceed a specific level to ensure the positive definite behavior of signal covariance matrix. This is a standard requirement for the convergence of existing general rank algorithms. Currently, there exists no reliable criterion for deciding the amount of diagonal loading level. In this context a new algorithm has been contributed to decide the amount of diagonal loading. Proposed algorithm is iterative in nature and uses the beam symmetry around the presumed signal direction to decide the level.