رعمیسس دوم
دکتور محمود رعمیسس دوم کی دولت کی جمع آوری سے زیادہ پیسے کے بہائو کے قائل تھے ۔ جس طرح مغل بادشاہوں نے برصغیر کا پیسہ برصغیر ہی میں عبادت گاہیں ،سرائے اور فلاحی عمارتیں قائم کر کے لگایا بالکل اسی طرح رعمیسس دوم نے پر شکوہ عمارات اور بڑے بڑے ہال بنوائے، اقصور کے معبد خانے کو وسعت دی ۔دریائے نیل کے کنارے پر بڑا مقبرہ تعمیر کرایا ، ابو سمبل میں عظیم اور سنگین عبادت گاہ قائم کی اور پوری ریاست میں اپنے دیو قامت مجسمے راستوں اور چوراہوںکی زینت بنوائے ۔دورانِ گفتگو دکتور محمود نے ایک قوی ہیکل مجسمے کے پائوں کی چھوٹی انگلی پر ہاتھ رکھا اور کہنے لگے یہ مجسمہ بھی انہی میں سے ایک ہے ۔محمود کی پوری ہتھیلی اس چھوٹی انگلی پر ایک چھوٹے نشان کے برابر دکھ رہی تھی ۔
معروف تاریخ دان ہیر ڈوٹس رعمیسس دوم اور اس کے بیٹے منفتاح کی طاقت اور قوت کا تخمینہ اور ان کے زوال کے اسباب گنواتے ہوئے لکھتے ہیں کہ مصر میں صرف ایک انسانی قوت نے ان دونوں فراعین پر فوقیت حاصل کی اور وہ قوت تھی مذہبی طبقہ ۔تاریخ میں کسی بھی دوسری جگہ کی طرح یہاں بھی ریاست اور مذہبی اکابرین کے درمیان اختیارات اور دولت کے حصول کی نہ ختم ہو نے والی رسہ کشی جاری رہی جنگوں اور مفتوحہ علاقوں سے وصول شدہ مالِ غنیمت اور جزیوں کا کثیر حصہ معبدوں اور پروہتوں کو ملتا ۔
رعمیسس دوم کے زمانے تک طاقت اور دولت کی فروانی اوج ِ کمال کو پہنچی ۔اس زمانے میں ان کے غلاموںکی تعداد ایک لاکھ ستر ہزار کے لگ بھگ تھی جو اس وقت مصری آبادی کا تیسواں حصہ بنتا تھا ۔ساڑھے سات لاکھ ایکڑ زرعی زمین اور...
Islam is the perfect religion from every aspect and for every time which provides guidelines for all situations of human life. Islamic political system is one of these aspects which is based on the principles of Holy Quran and sayings of the prophet Muhammad (PBUH), and it supports such a civil structure which follows the directives and requirements mentioned in the afore said two main sources. In Islamic political system, the supreme authority is Almighty Allah and human being utilizes this right as His vicegerent. The present global political system and the strategy of Muslims invite the attention of the thinkers around the globe for effective international interaction between Islamic world and others. This shows that serious deliberations are direly needed to compete with the current challenges. In the present paper, the contemporary situation of global political system will be discussed in order to determine the development of western political system, suggest means to compete with the challenges of this age and to facilitate in devising a suitable strategy for it
‘’An abstract can offer a valuable opportunity to inform a wide audience, to capture potential readers, and to expand your own interactive professional network. Whether others will pursue their reading may depend largely on their assessment of your abstract’’. (Wolcott, 1990 cited in Silverman, 2000; p. 223). Professional Development Teachers (PDTs) have a demanding role in their respective education systems and their role perception in general is not confined to only a practicing classroom teacher but more than that. This study seeks to explore as how PDTs, in a semi-private education system, came to work together to benefit their own system schools from their expertise and learning from the graduate programme at AKU-IED. The study looks into the processes, successes and challenges of a team effort or network structure of the PDTs in a semi-private education system. The significant purpose of this network is building capacity and facilitating the process of teaching and learning in the system schools. The study will delve into how this effort leads to school improvement and what were the facilitating factors and challenges of this teamwork structure. Literature from the perspective of network structure, professional development and school improvement provides a theoretical framework. The study aims to investigate and capture the reactions of the research participants in their natural setting. To conduct this study a semi-private education system was identified where the PDTs were found working together. Research data is collected by means of interviews, observations, shadowing (non-participatory observations) and document analysis. The result of the systematic data collection and analysis enabled the researcher to derive the themes, which describe the network process. The themes contributed to and link with some theory enabling conclusions to be drawn from the research. Finally the implications of the study are discussed together with recommendations and suggestions. Working together is a facilitative approach as well as a challenging task and there is a need to set some common vision that leads to some purposive structure formation. To realize the vision, identifying the potential group of people and designing a progress plan are important factors along with the basic requirements of resources, opportunities and rewards/incentives.