اُردو فِکشن میں جدید اصناف
(مائیکرو فکشن،افسانچہ،فلیش فکشن کا تحقیقی جائزہ)
منیرعباس سپرا،پی ایچ ڈی سکالر
انسان کو شروع سے ہی کہانی سے دلچسپی رہی ہے کہانی کی تاریخ بھی اتنی ہی قدیم ہوگی جتنی انسان کی ہے کہانی کی تاریخ انسانی زندگی اور اس کی بڑھتی ہوئی پیچیدگیوں کی تاریخ ہوتی ہے جس میں انسان کے کارناموں کی روداد ہوتی ہے جس میں اس نے اپنے ماحول معاشرے کی کسی قوت سے مقابل اگر کامیابی حاصل کی ہو ۔یہی کہانی انسان کے احساس برتری کی تسکین کا ذریعہ بنتی ہے اور اس طرح کہانی کا تعلق ہماری فطرت سے بھی ہے۔
کہانی دنیا کا قدیم ترین فن ہے انسانی قوت تخلیق نے سب سے پہلے قصہ کی تخلیق کی اور داستان قصہ گوئی کی شکل میں موجود تھی پھر قصے کہانیوں نے جدید عہد کے علائق تک انسان کے ساتھ ہی کہانی نے بھی بہت سے مراحل طے کیے داستان گوئی سے ناول ،ناولٹ اور افسانے سے مختصر کہانیوں (مائیکرو فکشن ،افسانحہ ،فلیش فکشن) کی طرف اردو فکشن کا یہ ارتقائی سفر جارہی ہے کیونکہ فکشن میں یہ تغیر تبدل ادب کے ارتقاء کیلئے ناگزیر ہے ارتقاء کا یہی سفر سماج میں بھی جاری رہتا ہےپہلے کی نسبت لوگوں کے پاس فرصت کے لمحات کم ہیں مشینی، صنعتی اور ٹیکنالوجی کی ترقی نے لوگوں کو مصروف کردیا ہےاسی مصروفیت کی حالت میں لوگ ادب سے بھی لطف اندوز ہونا چاہتے ہیں اسی لیے عام قارئین داستان ناول وغیرہ کی ضخیم کتب کی بجائے کم وقت میں کہانیوں سے وہی لذت کشید کرنے کیلئے مختصر کہانیوں( مائیکرو فکشن ،ا فسانحہ ،فلیش فکشن وغیرہ) کی طرف راغب ہو رہے ہیں آج کے ٹیکنالوجی ،مشینی اور گلوبلا ئزیشن کے دور میں معمولیات زندگی میں...
There is a great importance and significance of the role of an individual to prevent his body and property from an aggression. Islamic law and conventional law has authorized an individual to repel any kind of aggression upon his body and property and has not forced him to stand hands bound towards the aggressor. This role of an individual will help to decrease the ratio of crimes in society. It has been strived in this paper to provide proof of its legalization from Quran, Sunnah and also from conventional law. It has also been tried to discuss the main portions and relevant issues relating to the said topic such as; aggression, offence, defence during the continuance of aggression or offence and retreat during the aggression in Shariah and Common Law.
Background and Aims: Antioxidants are being extensively explored for their cutaneous benefits. Green tea and sacred lotus are popular antioxidants since ancient times. Aim of this study was to explore cutaneous benefits of these historic plants after formulating them in a novel carrier system. Methods: After successive extractions of antioxidants from lotus and green tea, their antioxidant activities were measured through DPPH antioxidant assay. Extracts were encapsulated in W/O/W type multiple emulsions. To obtain multiple emulsions having long-term shelf storage stability, various hydrophilic emulsifiers were tried along with polymeric emulsifier cetyl dimethicone copolyol. The most suitable multiple emulsion with excellent skin compatibility have been used as carrier of extracts to the skin of healthy human subjects (n=33), after their informed consents. One group applied 5% green tea while a second group applied 5% lotus and a third group applied combination of both extracts on left cheeks once daily over a 60 days treatment course. A placebo multiple emulsion was applied on right cheek as control in all three groups. Non-invasive measurements were performed at specific time intervals using various biophysical techniques such Corneometry, Tewametry, Mexametry, Sebumetry and Skin profilometry. Results were justified through various statistical methods. Results: Green tea and lotus revealed strong antioxidant potentials and extracts were stable in a multiple emulsion, which showed shelf storage stability of 1 year. Furthermore, all the formulations subjected to patch test were skin compatible and multiple emulsions with combination of extracts showed superior skin compatibility IX profile. Results obtained through efficacy studies showed that green tea and lotus have strong skin rejuvenation potential by improving various parameters of skin physiology. For example (a) green tea and lotus improved barrier function of the skin (b) Interestingly all three formulations positively influenced in any way at some of the skin surface parameters (c) green tea plus lotus treatment found superior to placebo for its effectiveness on the skin’s melanin pigmentation whereas lotus treatment alone has remarkable effect than green tea alone (d) combined treatment with green tea and lotus has superior efficacy over green tea alone in sebum reduction. Overall, combined treatment found superior for its effects on healthy skin profile. Conclusions: It is concluded that, the synergistic effects of the lotus, together with the green tea, on various parameters of skin physiology appears due to constituents who have a potentiation effect. Key Words: Green tea, Lotus, Multiple emulsions, Suface Evaluation of Living Skin (SELS), Patch test, Transepidermal water loss (TEWL), Melanin, Erythema, Skin Sebum.