Empowering Muslim Youth Through Developing Argumentation Skills

The progress of nations lies in the hands of educated youth. Presently, our Muslims youth are facing numerous challenges. This include western propaganda against Islam as a threat to peace, moral degradation, lacking spirit of inquiry, internet addiction, blind following of western norms and cultures and various kinds of social problems such as violence, gambling and pornography. Our Muslim youth is wandering in identity crises and have forgotten the true spirit of Islam and the achievements of our forefathers. Majority of youth are copying and adopting the western style of life and cultural involvement. One reason for this may be the education system that we have inherited from the colonial masters. This is also replicated by electronic media and the Western propaganda against Islam that we don’t take pride to be staunch Muslims otherwise; we will be blamed as extremists. Our education system has also failed in instilling the spirit of inquiry, critical thinking and moral judgment in our youth. In order to develop the potential of our youth to reform our society and not to be led by baseless beliefs, the role of teaching is very important. With this goal in mind, the students should be empowered through argumentation skills. This requires teaching students through argumentation method by involving/guiding students to make a claim then write justification for their claim and finally counter argument to support their claim. The essence of argumentation is not new as the Holy Qur’ān repeatedly stressed the believers to use their intellect, to critically observe their surroundings and avoid baseless information. Practice with argumentation will help in developing critical skills in our youth and in making informed decisions. They would not blindly follow western norms and would be able to answer western propaganda through solid arguments and valid justifications.

On the Capacity of an Everage and Peak Constrained Optical Wireless Relay Channel

Ever evolving bandwidth hungry applications present a gigantic challenge and an unprecedented opportunity for wireless communication. Radio spectrum is already congested. The researchers are vigorously pursuing efficient utilisation of radio spectrum and use of alternate media. Optical wireless is an attractive alternative media that can provide ultra high bandwidth and unregulated spectrum. However, its area of coverage is severely restricted by atmospheric turbulence and misalignment errors. Cooperative relaying can enhance the coverage and availability of optical wireless. This motivates the present study of an optical wireless relay channel (OWRC). Whereas radio frequency wireless relay channel has been widely investigated, study of an OWRC is a novel subject. Focus of this thesis is to develop capacity region by defining upper and lower bounds, the minimum energy per bit required for reliable communication and the outage capacity due to fading induced by scintillation and misalignment errors. An OWRC is the classical three node network comprising source, relay and destination nodes. The nodes are interconnected by optical wireless. The optical wireless links of the OWRC are assumed to be Gaussian. The upper bounds are based on the principle of min-max cut flow. Expectation of the information divergence between an output measure and the channel law over the joint input probability measure is used to derive the bounds. The choice of output measure is critical in obtaining a tight upper bound. The lower bounds are computed in terms of entropy of the input probability measures. Capacity approaching measures are used for obtaining tight lower bounds. The lower bounds also depend on the relaying strategy. Decode and forward, compress and forward, and amplify and forward relaying is considered in this thesis. It is shown that upper and lower bounds tend to converge when peak signal to noise ratio is high. Fading due to scintillation and misalignment is investigated for different relaying strategies. Probability of outage is derived in closed form for the above mentioned relaying strategies. Bounds on the minimum energy per bit required for reliable communication over an OWRC are defined as a function of peak signal level. They are closely related to the lower and upper bounds on the capacity. It is shown that the minimum energy per bit is inversely proportional to the square root of the low signal asymptotic capacity. The results of this thesis provide a comprehensive and novel study of an optical wireless relay channel. It will help in estimating the capacity, coverage and availability issues of optical wireless relay networks in general and relay channels in particular for positioning optical wireless to augment the wireless infrastructure to meet the growing customer needs.